単語まとめ

単語	意味	用例
hatch	もくろむ	They hatched an interesting idea.
salient	目立つ	It was the carrot sticks that were made more salient.
mischievous	いたずら好きな	She has received some suggestions from her usually sincere but occasionally mischievous friends.
best off	うまくいく	Arrange the food to make the students best off.
intrusive	立ち入りすぎている	That option seems a bit intrusive.
principled	道理に基づいている	Arranging the food at random could be considered fair-minded and principled.
honorable	高潔な	The option might seem to be an honorable attemp to avoid intrusion.
figment	虚構	She is a figment of our immagination.
ballot	投票用紙	You design the ballot voters use to choose candidates.
aesthetic	審美的な	Aesthetic constraints will be imposed.
a rule of thumb	経験則	A good rule of thumb is to assume that everything matters.
urinal	小便器	The authorities etched the image of a black housefly into each urinal.
endear	愛する	Many people find it endearing.
revile	罵る	Why combine two reviled and contradictory concepts?
reinforce	補強する	People make plenty of mistakes, which reinforces the view well stated by Beatles.
unsavory	好ましくない	Companies can use the concepts to increase sales in unsavory way.
premature	早すぎる	Obesity leads to premature death.
inertia	惰性	The status quo bias is a fancy name for inertia.
pervasively	普及している方法で	People’s choices are pervasively influenced by the design.
competent	能力のある	They worry that governments cannot be trusted to be competent or benign.
benign	親切な	They worry that governments cannot be trusted to be competent or benign.
coercion	強圧	The misconception is that paternalism always involves coercion.
inept	不適当な	The risks of inept or even corrupt designs are reduced.
plight	苦境	If you live elsewhere, please take pity on our plight.
vindicate	立証する	We are pleased to report that, far more than we could have anticipated, that belief has been vindicated.
teasingly	からかうように	He teasingly asked whether the administrators had remembered to log on and adjust their benefits package.
haunt	よく行くところ	When he showed this example to her at their usual lunch haunt, she grabbed her chopstick to check.
unwieldy	扱いにくい	The third of the original three heuristic bears an unwieldy name: representativeness.
decile	十分位	In which decile do you expect to fall in the distribution of grades in this class?
nail down	正しく認識する	The precise number is hard to nail down.
quip	皮肉を言う	Second marriage, he once quipped, “is the triumph of hope over experience.”
immunity	免疫	When they overestimate their personal immunity to harm, people may fail to take sensible preventive steps.
offset	相殺する	This implies that the prospect of wining 200 just offsets the prospect of losing 100.
dub	あだ名をつける	He have dubbed this behavior status quo bias, and it has been demonstrated in numerous situations.
grueling	へとへとに疲れさせる	Suppose that you are suffering from serious heart disease and your doctor proposes a grueling operation.
ordeal	試練	You are understandably curious about the odds of surviving this ordeal.
imbecile	大馬鹿な	Was he a genius or imbecile?
clamor	騒ぎ立てる	He clamored to go inside and buy something.
scenic	眺望の良い	One of the most scenic urban thoroughfares in the world is Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, which hugs the lake Michigan coastline that is the city’s eastern boundary.
thoroughfare	主要道路	One of the most scenic urban thoroughfares in the world is Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, which hugs the lake Michigan coastline that is the city’s eastern boundary.
heed	心にとめる	For a long time, many drivers failed to take heed of the reduced speed limit and wiped out.
tactile	触知できる	The stripes do not provide much if any tactile information but rather just send a visual signal to drivers.
apex	頂点	Touch the brake before the apex of the curve.
nibble	かじる	He was hosting dinner for some guests and put out a large bowl of cashew nuts to nibble on with drink.
elaboration	推敲	Human beings have been aware of the concept of temptation at least since the time of Adam and Eve, but for purpose of understanding the value of nudges, that concept needs elaboration.
arousal	覚醒	For us the crucial fact about temptation is that people’s state of arousal varies over time.
emanate	(光、音、香り)を発する	When she is very hungry and appetizing aromas are emanating from the kitchen, we can say she is in a hot state.
skimpy	けちけちした	The salad she planned to eat for dinner now seems skimpy.
myopic	近視眼的な	Self-control problems can be semiautonomous selves: a farsighted “Planner” and a myopic “Doer”.
fortify	強くする	We ask friends to fortify our efforts to quit smoking.
rein in	抑制する	Doers are often difficult to rein in, and they can foil the best efforts of Planners.
foil	計画等をくじく	Doers are often difficult to rein in, and they can foil the best efforts of Planners.
groggy	手に負えない	Planners have a number of available strategies to control recalcitrant Doers.
procrastinate	ぐずぐずする	He needed to stop procrastinating and get his thesis done.
drudgery	単調な仕事	He always put off the drudgery of writing up the thesis
pallid	青白い、淡々とした	The scheme worked because the pain of having him cash the check and have a party at her expense was more salient than the rather abstract and pallid forgone contribution to her retirement savings plan.
forgo	なしで済ませる、見合わせる	The scheme worked because the pain of having him cash the check and have a party at her expense was more salient than the rather abstract and pallid forgone contribution to her retirement savings plan.
outright	徹底的に	Some items such as heroin are banned outright.
buckle	締める、留める	There are laws requiring people to buckle their seatbelts, refrain from texting while driving.
at stake	問題となって	Requirements and bans of this kind are pure rather than libertarian paternalism, though third-party interests are often also at stake.
inflict	課す、負わせる	Interest in taxes based on sugar content can be explained in similar terms; they might combat internalities, understood as the harms that we inflict on our future selves.
redeem	償還する	Funds cannot be withdrawn until a year later, when the total amount is redeemed.
cater	まかなう	Markets provide strong incentive for firms to cater to the demands of consumers.
mishap	軽い事故	This provided him with a form of mental insurance against minor financial mishap
parlance	(修飾語を伴って)用語	The money that has recently been won is called house money because in gambling parlance the casino is referred to as the house.
windfall	意外な授かり物	People are far more likely to splurge impulsively on a big luxury purchase when they receive an unexpected windfall than they are with savings that they have accumulated over time.
splurge	散財する	People are far more likely to splurge impulsively on a big luxury purchase when they receive an unexpected windfall than they are with savings that they have accumulated over time.
ledger	元帳	In many cases, these are literally different accounts, as opposed to entries in a mental ledger. ※as oppose to 対照的に、entry 記入
sanctity	神聖	The sanctity of these accounts can lead to seemingly bizarre behavior.
spiffy	素晴らしい、カッコいい	We hear that a spiffy electric bike was the latest purchase from that account.
hemline	ドレスなどの裾	Econ’s hemlines do not go up and down except for practical reasons.
prophecy	予言	Telling people that a new norm is emerging can create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
wrath	激怒	If you care about what other people think about you, you might go along with the crowd to avoid their wrath or curry their favor.
curry one’s favor	機嫌を取る	If you care about what other people think about you, you might go along with the crowd to avoid their wrath or curry their favor.
fad	気まぐれな熱狂	Broadcasters mimic one another, producing otherwise inexplicable fads in programming.
defy	無視する	If you are a Human, and you really participated in the experiment, you might well follow those who preceded you and say what they said, thus defying the evidence of your own senses.
poll	投票する	When polled individually, subjects did not agree with one another, and their answers varied significantly from one trial to another.
intriguing	面白い	It shows intriguing differences across nations.
blunder (v)	つまづく	Sometimes people will go along with the group even when they think, or know, that everyone else has blundered.
stab	企て	This is not surprising; because the light did not move, any judgement about distance was a stab in the literal dark.
entrench	立場を固める	An arbitrary tradition can become entrenched over time.
robust	たくましい	We can see why many traditions are robust over decades or centuries, even if they really are arbitrary, in the sense that they make no sense and serve no purpose.
perpetuate	不朽にする	Once a practice has become established, it can be perpetuated, even if there is no reason for it.
subversive	破壊する	People were asked, ” Which one of the following do you feel is the most important problem facing our country today?” Five alternatives were offered: economic recession, educational facilities, subversive activities, mental health, and crime and corruption.
headquarter	本部を設ける	Companies should be taxed in the countries where they are headquartered rather than ln the countries where their revenues are generated.
revenue	収入	Companies should be taxed in the countries where they are headquartered rather than ln the countries where their revenues are generated.
beware	気をつける	Beware of that temptation.
fizzle	たち消える	Most of today’s political leaders are hard to distinguish from dozens or even hundreds of others whose candidacies badly fizzled.
candidacy	立候補	Most of today’s political leaders are hard to distinguish from dozens or even hundreds of others whose candidacies badly fizzled.
hilarious	陽気な	For a vivid and somewhat hilarious example of how social influences can affect beliefs even if no one plans anything, consider the Seattle Windshield Pitting Epidemic.
windshield	車のフロントガラス	For a vivid and somewhat hilarious example of how social influences can affect beliefs even if no one plans anything, consider the Seattle Windshield Pitting Epidemic.
duly	型通りに、時間通りに、正式に	The newspaper duly reported the risks.
twitch	ぴくぴく動く、痙攣する	Videos of adolescent girls with all sorts of symptoms-twitching, fainting, falling unconscious appeared on social media platforms.
alleviate	緩和する	This finding did not alleviate public concerns.
uptake	摂取	HPV vaccine uptake among eligible girls fell to 14 percent for the first dose.
flock	群がる	When voters flock to one candidates or another, they are each making what they believe to be an independent judgment on the successful candidate’s behalf.
stunningly	驚くほどに	Consider Texas’s now classic and stunningly successful effort to reduce littering on its highways.
littering	ポイ捨て	Consider Texas’s now classic and stunningly successful effort to reduce littering on its highways.
dislodge	追い払う	Many social practices persist for this reason, which means a small shock, or nudge, can dislodge them.
embolden	勇気づける、大胆にさせる	As people became aware of what others actually thought, they were emboldened to say what they believed, and to act accordingly.
inaugurate	開始する	If people wrongly think that most people are committed to a long-standing social norm, a small nudge correcting that misperception can inaugurate large-scale change.
voluminous	夥しい	A voluminous body of research finds that informing people about the social norm can be effective.
substantial	しっかりした、相当な	The impact of these letters was substantial.
negligible	取るに足らない	The costs are negligible.
abhorrent	忌まわしい	Others felt equally strongly that same-sex marriage was abhorrent.
bestow	授ける	Same-sex couples felt that they were being discriminated against, since only opposite-sex couples were eligible for marriage, a term that bestowed both legal and social status.
provision	条項	All such legal provisions would be defined by the status granted by governments.
contest	争う	If the government got out of the marriage business, the whole area would become less contested.
moot	論点	We still like that idea, but twelve years of history has rendnred it largely moot.
backlash	反動	The court’s decision did not produce much of a backlash.
ditzy	馬鹿な	We have seen that people perform amazing feats, but they also commit ditzy blunder.
blunder (n)	間違い	We have seen that people perform amazing feats, but they also commit ditzy blunder.
frailty	弱点	Markets often give companies a strong incentives to cater to our frailties, rather than try to eradicate them.
absentminded	上の空	We have limited attention and can be absentminded.
feasible	実行可能	It is feasible to send well-timed prompts.
ubiquitous	至る所にある	Although reminders have become ubiquitous, that does not mean that there are not new ways of helping people keep track of their appointments.
ritual	慣習的行為	Commercial pilots always go through a formal ritual before every take off. ※ go through いちいち行う
pipe up	甲高い声をあげる	Nurses might normally be reluctant to pipe up if a famous surgeon has skipped a step, but if it is considered part of their job, they do it.
loaf	パンの塊	We are more likely to need more help picking the right mortgage than choosing the right loaf of bread.
execute	実行する	The first time people try to execute this motion, they are lucky if the ball goes over the net.
thus far	これまでに	The discussion thus far suggests that people may most need a good nudge for choices that require memory or have delayed effects.
bogus	偽の	A colorful and illustrative example is the sale of bogus medical treatment, a practice that can be found in various forms.
ailment	(慢性の)病気	Snake oil was said to cure many ailments.
scam	詐欺	Many scams and swindles reemerge in slightly different forms over the years.
swindle	騙し取ること	Many scams and swindles reemerge in slightly different forms over the years.
crutch	杖	Someone in the crowd on crutches soon emerges and challenges the doctor, calling him a fraud.
knack	たくみな技	It would help to have a knack for brazen lying, and no qualms about taking money from innocent bystanders.
qualm	気の咎め	It would help to have a knack for brazen lying, and no qualms about taking money from innocent bystanders.
sheriff	法行政官	They got in trouble with the local sheriff.
trump	負かす	It turns out that the latter instinct trumps the former.
unobtrusively	押し付けがましくないように	They tried to sneak out of the room as unobtrusively as possible.
persuasive	説得力のある	Subjects were Yale seniors who were given some persuasive education about the risk of tetanus and the importance to going to the health center to receive an inoculation.
inoculation	摂取	Subjects were Yale seniors who were given some persuasive education about the risk of tetanus and the importance to going to the health center to receive an inoculation.
tetanus	破傷風	Subjects were Yale seniors who were given some persuasive education about the risk of tetanus and the importance to going to the health center to receive an inoculation.
incline	その気にさせる	If you are so inclined, hum it to the tune of the old Eagles song: Take It Easy.
reiterate	何度も繰り返す	We should reiterate that defaults are not always sticky.
ancillary	補助的な	If you are buying some product online, you might be prompted to buy some ancillary service, too.
prompt A to do	駆り立ててさせる	If you are buying some product online, you might be prompted to buy some ancillary service, too.
arcane	難解な、奥義の	Most users do not want to have to read an incomprehensible manual to determine which arcane setting to select.
wave	手を振って合図する	Locals now just use an electronic card that they wave at a sensor.
in stark contrast	全く対照的に	In stark contrast is the system still used ln most Chicago parking garages.
incontinent	失禁	He may have difficulty forecasting what life would be like if he were incontinent.
curator	館長	He provides a function similar to that of a curator at a museum.
winnow	分ける	They often winnow the choice set down to a manageable size.
counteract	反作用で中和する	People work to counteract their own self-control problems, often by redesigning the architecture　ー　for example, making certain options harder or less fun.
fabulous	素敵な	Alternatives that do not meet the minimum cutoff levels may be eliminated even if they are fabulous on all other dimensions.
predilection	好み、偏愛	You like books that fit your predilections.
depreciation	減価償却	People underweight the opportunity costs of car ownership and possibly other less salient aspects, such as depreciation.
hawk	呼び売りする	There is an old tradition of late-night commercials that hawk some kind of gadget.
flounder	まごつく	If they do not, people will flounder.
complement	補足してか完全にするもの	A good complement to this advice is to make the desired activity fun.
dread	恐れる	Tom dreads the tedious task at hand.
tedious	つまらない	Tom dreads the tedious task at hand.
pique	そそる	Whenever we can pique our curiosity, we will find that people are willing to undertake that activity.
viable	実行可能な	We very much doubt that it is an economically viable strategy.
fecal	糞便の	It haves the fecal pollution ln its street.
solemnly	粛粛と	She solemnly informed the people that the Easter Bunny would be exempt from the restriction.
flummox	めんくらわせる	We would be flummoxed.
mortgage	担保	What kind of mortgage to get?
rodent	齧歯類	If you want to sell your house, there is a long list of things you cannot keep secret. Any lead pipes? A leaky roof? A large family of very friendly rodents living in the attic?
attic	屋根裏	If you want to sell your house, there is a long list of things you cannot keep secret. Any lead pipes? A leaky roof? A large family of very friendly rodents living in the attic?
pertinent	適切な	All these things have to be disclosed, to use the fancy legal word for informing others of pertinent information.
acronym	頭語	It was an acronym whose unabbreviated meaning even we cannot remember.
abbreviate	略して書く	It was an acronym whose unabbreviated meaning even we cannot remember.
hunch	予感	We have a strong hunch that there is no one in the world who has read all those words.
obfuscation	人を困惑させるもの	In what meaningful sense dose such a document deserve to be called disclosure? Obfuscation would seem to be more appropriate.
binge	節度なく楽しむ	Did you binge your way through three seasons during one long rainy weekend?
preemptive	先制の	The public utilities have notorious, first for causing wildfires, later for preemptive power outages to prevent a recurrence of the same threat.
outage	停電	The public utilities have notorious, first for causing wildfires, later for preemptive power outages to prevent a recurrence of the same threat.
corollary	自然に導き出せる結論	This principle has an obvious corollary.
baffling	くじく	If you want to discourage poor people from getting economic benefits, require them to navigate a baffling website and to answer a large number of questions.
segregate	隔離する	Smokers were segregated into smoking sections.
delve	探求する	We delve briefly dark side.
bog down	身動きを取れなくする	We will use it here in part because it is fun, without getting too much bogged down on definition.
contraceptive	避妊具	Making it hard to get contraceptives is another example of sludge.
proofread	校正する	The software our publishers provided when we were proofreading the galleys of this book was so sludge-ridden that he gave up and typed up a list of changes.
stiff	やけに高い(口語)	The price was a bit stiff. ※かたい I have a stiff shoulder.
pernicious	有害な	There is nothing pernicious about price discrimination as such.
reimburse	払い戻す	A good example is how business travel is monitored and reimbursed.
furious	怒り狂った	He was furious and he eventually quit his job.
vow	誓っていう	When he started his company, he vowed that it would be run differently.
onerous	厄介な	They did not have to complete the onerous financial aid forms.
implement	履行する	It is a fact of life that rules have to be both implemented and enforced, and those activity can be costly.
toll	料金	The revenues from the tolls exceed the cost of the bridge.
whopping	大きな	The government has imposed a whopping eleven billion hours in annual paperwork burdens on us.
dividend	配当	A sludge-reduction effort would pay big dividends.
vicinity	周辺	The annual budget of the TSA is in the vicinity of 8 billion dollars.
suffice it to say that	…といえば十分だろう	Suffice it to say we have a lot of questions.
incremental	ますます増大する	All this means that progress on reducing sludge in government will likely be incremental.
succinctly	簡潔に	He replies quite succinctly.
vest	与える	There is a minimum employment period before any benefits are vested.
hindsight	後知恵	The solution to solving the enrollment problem is obvious, at least in hindsight.
chastity	純潔	God, give me chastity…But not yet.
uncanny	奇怪な、超人的な	Throughout the history, investors have shown an uncanny ability to mistime their investment decisions.
ebb	引潮	There is growing evidence that most people would be better off not paying attention to the ebbs and flows of the stock market.
flow	上潮	There is growing evidence that most people would be better off not paying attention to the ebbs and flows of the stock market.
trail	下回る	His return trailed others by more than three percent per year.
meticulous	細心の注意	The Danes keep meticulous records on household wealth as well as income.
pernicious	致命的な	Since turnover is high in low-paying jobs, this is a pernicious problems, but one that we can solve.
forfeit	罰として失う	Participants must make an active choice or they forfeit their contributions.
quibble with	つまらない議論をする	Overall, though many would quibble with some of the choices made, most experts would consider this fund to be a reasonable and inexpensive option.
folly	愚かさ	In the first dream, one being dreamt by a free-market economist with a peaceful smile on his face, advertisers are helping to educate consumers by explaining the benefits of lower costs, diversification, and long-run investing, as well as folly of extrapolating recent returns into the future.
extrapolate	既知のことから推測する	In the first dream, one being dreamt by a free-market economist with a peaceful smile on his face, advertisers are helping to educate consumers by explaining the benefits of lower costs, diversification, and long-run investing, as well as folly of extrapolating recent returns into the future.
transitory	束の間の	It has only a transitory effect.
cohort	群	The initial cohort included all 4.4 million people who were ln the workforce at the time.
at the discretion of	…の自由裁量で	It decided to permit the default fund to employ financial leverage at the discretion of the fund’s management.
flaunt	見せびらかす	It is not a good idea to flaunt your wealth.
oblivious	気づかないで	Those in the default fund were also oblivious to a massive change.
installment	分割払い方式の	Automobile sales continue to be financed in much the same way as the old installment plans, since the lenders retain a lien on the car until the loan is paid off, but the advent of credit cards gave consumers a new way to satisfy their urges for immediate gratification.
lien	先取権	Automobile sales continue to be financed in much the same way as the old installment plans, since the lenders retain a lien on the car until the loan is paid off, but the advent of credit cards gave consumers a new way to satisfy their urges for immediate gratification.
gratification	満足	Automobile sales continue to be financed in much the same way as the old installment plans, since the lenders retain a lien on the car until the loan is paid off, but the advent of credit cards gave consumers a new way to satisfy their urges for immediate gratification.
scrupulous	良心的な	In fact, providers might have a lot of freedom to exploit people’s limited attention, and those who play it straight may lose out to less-scrupulous competitions.
opacity	不透明度	The opacity of a market that creates d demand for expertise makes it difficult to evaluate the value of advice they offer.
wary	用心深い	The buyers should be wary.
audit	監査する	But we think that choice engines have a significant advantage over human advisers: they are much easier to audit.
in lieu of	〜の代わりに	Credit cards provide a mode of payment in lieu of cash.
blessedly	幸いにも	Credit cards are blessedly convenient.
liberate	解放する	Digging into your pocket to find the correct change and managing the large jar of pennies at home are vexations from which you are liberated.
vexation	苛立たせるもの	Digging into your pocket to find the correct change and managing the large jar of pennies at home are vexations from which you are liberated.
delinquency	滞納	Around 9 percent of general-purpose cardholders had at least one severe delinquency in the preceding 12 months.
inhibit	抑制する	Credit cards inhibit self-control in other ways.
solicitation	勧誘	When the spending limit on one card is reached, a new account can be opened using one of the solicitations that arrive announcing that you have been preapproved.
slyly	狡猾な方法で	One way credit card companies have slyly raised prices ls by reducing the number of days you have between the time you get your bill and the day your payment is due.
dent	へこませる	We dent our car backing into a parking spot at night.
fret	悩む	If you don’t understand what all those term mean, don’t fret.
dismay	狼狽	To our dismay, in the years since, several countries have considered or made the switch to presumed consent. ※to my dismay 驚いたことに
the next of kin	近親者	Families are relevant because transplant teams normally have conversations with the next of kin before organs are removed.
kidney	腎臓	The first successful organ transplant took place in 1954 when a man offered his twin brothers a kidney.
deceased	故、死去した	The first transplant of a kidney from a deceased donor occurred eight years later.
autopsy	検死	But in some states, medical examiners performing autopsies have previously been permitted to remove corneas without receiving anyone’s permission.
cornea	角膜	But in some states, medical examiners performing autopsies have previously been permitted to remove corneas without receiving anyone’s permission.
loom	ぼんやりと現れる、不気味に迫る	Multivariate analysis can try to untangle this mess, but this is why the small sample problems looms large.
footnote	脚注	Footnote for statistics geeks
de facto	事実上の	Thus, de facto, Spain is an opt-in country.
spare	免れる	Violent storms and gigantic fires do not spare anyone.
perfect storm	最悪の事態	Sadly, we have what amounts to a perfect storm, a confluence of factors that make collective action difficult.
amount to	〜に相当する	Sadly, we have what amounts to a perfect storm, a confluence of factors that make collective action difficult.
confluence	合流	Sadly, we have what amounts to a perfect storm, a confluence of factors that make collective action difficult.
villain	悪党	No specific villain
perpetrator	加害者	For some threats, there is an identifiable perpetrator – a wrongdoer whose terrible deeds capture public attention.
wrongdoer	悪事を働く人	For some threats, there is an identifiable perpetrator – a wrongdoer whose terrible deeds capture public attention.
deed	行為、証書	For some threats, there is an identifiable perpetrator – a wrongdoer whose terrible deeds capture public attention./True, spouses sometimes really don’t like each other, but is it so terrible to have to wait a short while before the deed is done.
insuperable	打ち勝てない	We are not saying that these problems are insuperable.
plague	悩ます	Similar problems plague the fishing industry.
reap	収穫する	When they scale back pollution, they might not reap many benefits.
akin	同様に	You can think of nations as akin to those farmers deciding how many cattle to add to the pasture.
lofty	高尚な	Conversations at the highest level start with lofty, idealistic language about the need for cooperation and how we are all in together, producing a universal plea.
plea	嘆願	Conversations at the highest level start with lofty, idealistic language about the need for cooperation and how we are all in together, producing a universal plea.
contentious	好戦的な	In fact, although economists are often a contentious group, this is one topic on which there is nearly unanimous agreement.
unanimous	満場一致	In fact, although economists are often a contentious group, this is one topic on which there is nearly unanimous agreement.
belch	噴出する	Should a factory that has been belching black smoke for years be allocated a large number of permits that it can sell by cleaning up its act?
palatable	快い	Political leaders have called for subsidies, which might have the same effects as taxes, but which might be far more palatable to the public, because they offer gains and do not impose losses.
insulation	断熱材	They will underinvest in such things as insulation.
bog down	身動きが取れなくなる	One way to achieve that is to avoid getting bogged down in semantic arguments.
semantic	意味論的な	One way to achieve that is to avoid getting bogged down in semantic arguments.
malicious	悪意がある	All choice architects are fallible, and some are even malicious.
jar	調和しない	We admit that libertarian paternalism was a phrase that was intended to be jarring.
tweak	つねる	They think that nudges are mere tweaks.
be wary of	気をつける	We do not meat it is foolish to be wary of literal slippery slopes.
suffrage	選挙権	An opponent of women’s suffrage once predicted that giving women the right to vote would create a race of masculine women and effeminate men and the mating of these would result in the procreation of a race of degenerates.
ratify	批准する	We ratified a constitutional amendment in order to ban the sale of alcohol.
arrow in one’s quiver	とっておきの戦略	Some freedom-loving critics have another arrow in their quiver.
wish away	願って取り除く	We should not wish them away.
scantily clad	肌が露わな	Beer commercials do not include a warning that the presence of scantily clad models is designed to attract to attention of viewers and make them more likely to buy the beer.
insidious	狡猾な	A general objection might be that they are insidious.
cunning	ずるい	Compare subliminal advertising to something just as cunning.
palpably	明らかに	They think that if governments nudge, they won’t do anything more, even if nudges are palpably inadequate.
versatile	多目的に使用できる	These knives are designed to be versatile.
intoxicate	酔わせる	A nation might impose severe alcohol taxes, nudge people not to drink and drive, and top it off by giving offenders stiff fines if they get caught driving while intoxicated.
top off	仕上げする	A nation might impose severe alcohol taxes, nudge people not to drink and drive, and top it off by giving offenders stiff fines if they get caught driving while intoxicated.
intervening	間の	The intervening years have been tumultuous.
tumultuous	騒々しい	The intervening years have been tumultuous.
morph	変態する	An idea that once seemed radical has morphed over time from chic to trending to commonplace to possibly passé.
chic	上品さ	An idea that once seemed radical has morphed over time from chic to trending to commonplace to possibly passé.
passé	古めかしい	An idea that once seemed radical has morphed over time from chic to trending to commonplace to possibly passé.
omniscient	全知全能の	We are decidedly not saying that policy designers can or should be omniscient.
sprint	全力疾走	The final edition of this book was a bit of a sprint.
amass	蓄積する	People have amassed staggering amounts of credit card debt.
stagger	よろめく	People have amassed staggering amounts of credit card debt.
compulsion	強い欲望	Economists seem to have a compulsion to make predictions that are almost doomed to fail.
deflect	逸らす	To avoid falling into this trap we have made something of an art form of deflecting questions about what awaits the economy ln the near future.
uncannily	気味が悪い	It was pure happenstance that we landed on an uncannily prophetlc title for this book.
bewilderment	当惑	You could have spotted us in the cafeteria, listening with some bewilderment to a Chinese colleague telling us that what was happening in Wuhan.
spot	見つける	You could have spotted us in the cafeteria, listening with some bewilderment to a Chinese colleague telling us that what was happening in Wuhan.
oblivious	忘れていて、気づかないで	We spent the school vacation, oblivious to the fast-spreading virus that would soon take thousands of lives.
bail	脱する	We canceled the plans because two of our best friends bailed.
contagious	感染しやすい	A pandemic with a flu virus, which is a very contagious virus, would take only a few weeks to diffuse to the entire world.
ail	苦しめる	A technique used to reveal the structure of a virus is an effective metaphor for the way the year 2020 exposed what ails our world.
chatter	ガタガタ鳴るもの	Despite the early chatter about the pandemic being a great leveler, it crystallized the tragic inequality that exists both within and across countries.
leveler	水平にする人、平等主義者	Despite the early chatter about the pandemic being a great leveler, it crystallized the tragic inequality that exists both within and across countries.
dire	恐ろしい	They were scared by the dire early pronouncements about the impact of the pandemic.
wreak havoc	大惨事をもたらす	The measure taken to contain it have already been wreaking their own kind of havoc.
emphatic	勢いのある	These countries kept the case count low and the mortality even lower in comparison to other countries through a combination of decisive containment measures and efficient and emphatic treatment.
curfew	門限	Curfew had to be respected.
expedient	道徳的でないが自己に都合が良い	They found it politically expedient to refuse to acknowledge othe magnitude of the problems.
wantonly	猥に	The public conversation between the left and the right has turned into high-decibel slanging match, where harsh words, used wantonly, leave very little scope for backtracking.
backtracking	後戻り	The public conversation between the left and the right has turned into high-decibel slanging match, where harsh words, used wantonly, leave very little scope for backtracking.
bigot	偏屈者	Sixty-one percent of Democrats say they view Republicans as racists, sexists, or bigots.
spiteful	意地悪な	Fifty-four percent of Republicans call Democrats spiteful.
reasoned	熟考したうえでの	Social scientists help each side understand what the other is saying, and thereby arrive at some reasoned disagreement.
dissent	意見の相違	Democracy can live with dissent, as long as there is respect on both sides.
discourse	議論、論壇、論文	These issues are in some ways front and center in the political discourse.
affirmation of	支持、賛同	Views on these issues are all too often based entirely on the affirmation of specific personal value.
bolster	主義・主張を支持する、補強する	When they are bolstered by anything, it is by made-up numbers and very simplistic readings of the facts.
what with	〜などの理由で	The go-go years of global growth may be over, what with China’s growth slowing and trade wars igniting everywhere.
ignite	燃え上がる	The go-go years of global growth may be over, what with China’s growth slowing and trade wars igniting everywhere.
affluent	富裕な	In the most countries in the affluent West, slow growth is nothing new at this point, but what makes it particularly is the rapid fraying of the social contract.
fray	争い、喧嘩	In the most countries in the affluent West, slow growth is nothing new at this point, but what makes it particularly is the rapid fraying of the social contract.
face off	対決する	We seem to be back in the Dickensian world of Hard Time, with the haves facing off against the increasingly alienated have-nots, with no resolution in sight.
alienate	遠ざける、仲違いさせる	We seem to be back in the Dickensian world of Hard Time, with the haves facing off against the increasingly alienated have-nots, with no resolution in sight.
sloth	怠惰	He studied redistribution to figure out whether it encourages sloth.
chasm	隔たり	There is a gaping chasm of 35 percentage points between how many economists agree with a particular statement and how many average Americans do.
jargon	専門用語	They use lots of jargon.
nigh	近い	Predictions are often well-nigh impossible.
parse	分析する	How did they parse through the many possible alternative interpretations of the evidence?
wrangle	喧嘩する	We have had to wrangle with TV anchors to tell our full story.
anchor	司会、錨	We have had to wrangle with TV anchors to tell our full story.
square with	適合する、一致する	Some, too beholden to some orthodoxy to pay attention to any fact that does not square with it, repeat old ideas.
strident	不快、耳障り	Our sense is that the best economics is frequently the least strident.
muck around with	いじくり回す	Physicists think deep thoughts, while engineers muck around with materials and try to give shape to those thoughts.
enamor	夢中にさせる、引きつける	What is dangerous is not making mistakes, but to be so enamored of one’s point of view that one dose not let facts get in the way.
horde	大群	Trump’s imaginary but enormously consequential hordes of murderous Mexican migrants.
reconcile	調和させる、一致させる	European parties are struggling to reconcile the liberal tradition they want to uphold with the threat they see across their shores.
uphold	支持する	European parties are struggling to reconcile the liberal tradition they want to uphold with the threat they see across their shores.
deluge	大洪水、殺到	Hardly a deluge
solicit	せがむ	One set aimed to solicit respondent’s opinions about migration, the other their factual knowledge of the numbers and characteristics of migrants.
parochial	偏狭な	Simply thinking about migration makes people more parochial.
utterly	完全に	There is an important reason why facts are ignored, and it is based on a piece of economics seemingly so utterly self-evident that many find it impossible to think past it.
self-evident	自明	There is an important reason why facts are ignored, and it is based on a piece of economics seemingly so utterly self-evident that many find it impossible to think past it.
seductive	人を惹きつける	The economic analysis of immigration often comes down to a seductive syllogism.
syllogism	三段論法	The economic analysis of immigration often comes down to a seductive syllogism.
grinding	圧倒する	They face the grinding extreme poverty.
protagonist	主人公	Apu is the protagonist of Aparajito, the second of Satyalit Ray’s wonderful Apu trilogy.
trilogy	三部作	Apu is the protagonist of Aparajito, the second of Satyalit Ray’s wonderful Apu trilogy.
scrimp	倹約する	He works two jobs and scrimps and saves so his chiodren one day can go to Harvard.
lava	溶岩	Lava destroyed about one-third of the houses on the islands.
ex ante	事前に	There was nothing different ex ante.
trajectory	軌道	It is possible to follow trajectories of all the original inhabitants of the islands.
bruise	傷、被害	Twenty-five years on, in spite of the bruises this hurried and chaotic exit must have left, the displaced population was richer than the rest.
impetus	刺激	Why was near starvation not enough of an impetus?
bout	発作	The evidence suggests that even large bouts of in-migration have little negative impact on the wages.
spurious	嘘の、誤った	This view seems spurious.
rebuttal	反証	No doubt as a result, the study was also extensively debated, with multiple rounds of rebuttals and counter-rebuttals.
to be blunt	率直に言えば	To be blunt, it does not help that no one on either side ever changes their mind.
repatriation	帰還、本国送還	He studied the repatriation to France of Algerians resulting from Algeria’s independence from France.
unequivocal	曖昧でない	Their conclusion is as close to unequivocal as you are ever going to get from a group of economists.
sweep	掃く	There are a number of factors that turn out to be relevant, which the basic supply-demand framework sweeps under the rug.
undo	打ち消す	It will help undo the effect.
grit	やり抜く力	They have the grit to overcome the problem.
crouch	かがむ	You will notice groups of people, crouching on the sidewalks.
disgruntle	不機嫌にする	Firing is unpleasant at best, and potentially dangerous if the disgruntled employee becomes enraged.
up to snuff	良品	They worry whether the work will be up to snuff.
clerical	事務	A study found that just applying for a midlevel clerical job took several days.
incumbency	地位	Their current employer knows them and trusts them; incumbency is a huge advantage.
cacophony	不協和音	The other reason immigration is so politically explosive is the idea that the number of would-be immigrants are overwhelming, that there is a horde of foreigners, a cacophony of alien languages and customs waiting to pour over our pristine monocultural borders.
pristine	素朴な、清純な	The other reason immigration is so politically explosive is the idea that the number of would-be immigrants are overwhelming, that there is a horde of foreigners, a cacophony of alien languages and customs waiting to pour over our pristine monocultural borders.
sewer	下水道	Absent sewers are what gives the slums their distinctive odor, somewhere between acrid and putrescent.
acrid	つんとする匂い	Absent sewers are what gives the slums their distinctive odor, somewhere between acrid and putrescent.
putrescent	腐敗しかかった	Absent sewers are what gives the slums their distinctive odor, somewhere between acrid and putrescent.
laureate	名誉を受けた	another future Nobel laureate
haphazard	出鱈目な	The city develops in haphazard ways.
evict	法的に立ち退かせる	They can be evicted because it’s not their land.
albeit	たとえ〜でも	The same problem also shows up in China, albeit in a less extreme form.
awning	雨よけ	They are protected by the awning of a shop.
stint	活動に従事していた期間	Many people though that out of a thousand migrants, over a two-year stint, about ten would die.
go to great lengths	労を厭わない	They will go to great lengths to avoid making decisions in cases where they do not know the exact contours of the problem.
contingency	偶発事件に付随する事柄	Migration is a plunge into the unknown, which may make people particularly reluctant to undertake it, even if they could in principle save up to cover the various financial contingencies involved.
be fraught with	危険などをはらんで、伴って	The world is fraught with uncertainties.
vagary	とっぴな行い、気まぐれ	These vagaries make them unhappy.
gullible	騙されやすい	Gullible buyers often end up with outrageously extended warranties.
burnish	磨く	If it is important to hold on to a certain self-image, then it also make sense to burnish it.
clincher	決めてとなるもの	This was less of an issue when most women did not work and could provide the childcare, but in today’s world it can be a clincher.
insularity	島国性	Many Silicon Valley investors emphasized the congestion, the insularity, the high cost of living in the Bay Area, and the great opportunities in the heartland.
glitzy	煌びやかな	Young people like glitzy bars.
poach	人材を引き抜く	It would be hard to recruit workers if every time you needed a new employee you had to persuade someone to move across the country, rather than poach one from your neighbor.
outlandish	奇異な	This might sound outlandish, given that the current conversation is mostly focused on how to limit migration.
be cloaked in	覆い隠す	They tended to be cloaked in the language of modernization.
wherewithal	必要な手段、金	These policies hurt the poorest people in the economy, the small farmer and the landless laborers, who may not have had the wherewithal to move.
assimilation	同化	The fear of being overwhelmed is also what gives rise to worries about assimilation.
roster	名簿	The IGM Booth panel asked its roster of experts.
swamp	打ち負かす(通例受け身)	The gains are swamped by the costs.
purport	主張する	His papers purports to tell us exactly who the losers are.
grudgingly	不承不承	Imports required licenses that were at best grudgingly granted.
exodus	大量脱出、出エジプト	Coming at the same time as the war-driven exodus of Indian emigres from the Middle East, the country experienced a massive foreign exchange shortage.
run the gamut from A to B	AからBまで網羅する	The answers run the gamut from very positive assessments of the effect of trade on GDP to much more skeptical positions.
nebulous	不透明な	There was also a more nebulous but perhaps equally important shift in the attitude of bureaucracy.
defiance	反抗の態度	Such a sky-high taxes invited defiance.
amid	〜の真っ只中	Mexico’s trade reform took place amid privatization, labor market reform, and deregulation.
pitfall	落とし穴	We demonstrated the many pitfalls of cross-country comparisons and country case studies
barrage	弾幕	She ran into a barrage of very unfriendly comments suggesting she had the wrong answer.
impeccable	欠点のない	This is why so many banks with seemingly impeccable balance sheets suddenly wake up to a looming disaster.
pest	害虫	This was on the grounds of keeping Mexican pests out, despite the facts that Mexico is territorially adjacent and that pests do not require visas to cross the border.
adjacent	近隣の	This was on the grounds of keeping Mexican pests out, despite the facts that Mexico is territorially adjacent and that pests do not require visas to cross the border.
disburse	支払う	Over 300 billion had been disbursed for various programs to help developing countries trade.
artisan	職人	ATA stands for Aid to Artisans.
loom	機織り機	The owner operates a single loom out of his house or a shed.
shed	物置	The owner operates a single loom out of his house or a shed.
rummage	引っかき回して捜索する	Or for the time it took you to find that blouse by rummaging through every consignment store in the village?
nascent	初期の、発生しようとしている	We encountered the pain of establishing a reputation in the nascent Indian software industry in the late 1990s.
hang up one’s shingle	看板を出す、開業する	All this made it relatively easy for anybody with the right diploma and a willingness to work hard to hang up their shingle and establish themselves as a firm.
futile	役に立たない、虚しい	In any case, for the most part disagreeing was futile.
numbing	無感覚にする	The work was predictable but mind numbing.
slog through	重い足取りで歩く	The life of slogging through mindless projects, haggling with clients who did not know what they wanted, and constantly wondering whether he could pay his rent was not what he had signed up for.
haggle	押問答する	The life of slogging through mindless projects, haggling with clients who did not know what they wanted, and constantly wondering whether he could pay his rent was not what he had signed up for.
brag	自慢する	They are going to sell the bragging rights that come with buying something clearly expensive.
ward off	避ける、受け流す	The value of brand name is that it wards off competition.
incumbent	現職の	What makes, for any potential new entrants, the challenge of undercutting the incumbent even harder is that the price paid to the supplier tends to be a small part of what a good-quality product is worth to the buyer.
fray	争い	To make matters worse, for, say, a new country trying to get into the fray, it is not only your own name that counts.
curse	呪い	The curse of low expectations can be very hard to overcome.
vouch	保証する	This is where it can be very useful to have the right connections: someone who knows you and will vouch for you.
lenient	寛大な	Current law generally imposes administrative penalties on violators of product quality law, which are too lenient.
maverick	異端者	The Italian maverick Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, once wrote: “The old is dying and the new cannot be born in this interregnum all manner of morbid symptoms appear.”
interregnum	空位期間	The Italian maverick Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, once wrote: “The old is dying and the new cannot be born in this interregnum all manner of morbid symptoms appear.”
morbid	憂鬱な	The Italian maverick Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, once wrote: “The old is dying and the new cannot be born in this interregnum all manner of morbid symptoms appear.”
renminbi	人民元	China systematically undervalued its exchange rate throughout the 2000s by selling renminbi and buying foreign currencies to keep its product artificially cheap against the competing products sold in dollars.
frugal	倹約な	Given how good the Chinese were at exporting and just how frugal Chinese consumers are, China has a natural tendency to sell more than it buys.
choke off	止める、停止する	This ought to have pushed the exchange rate up and choked off export growth.
dearth	欠乏	The disappearance of these amenities and the dearth of nice neighborhoods can make an area so unattractive that it becomes impossible to revive.
prescription	処方箋	All that’s left is a pharmacy where seniors come to get their prescriptions filled.
minuscule	非常に小さい	It provided a minuscule share of the already small transfers toward the affected countries.
denigrate	誹謗中傷する	So not only did the United States not come close to compensating the workers who lose out, but what little help people could get through the existing social protection apparatus seemed designed to make them feel denigrated.
born out of wedlock	嫡出でない子	When their country was hit by the China shock, fewer people got married, fewer had children, and of the children who were born, more were born out of wedlock.
retaliate	報復する	Trump then talked about 50 billion dollars tariffs on Chinese goods, and then when China retaliated, suggested another 100 billion dollars.
specter	亡霊	They evoked the specter of the “worst ever tariff,” the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act.
veto	拒否する	In May 1930, over a thousand economists had written a letter encouraging President Hoover to veto the Smoot-Hawley bill.
autarky	経済的自立、自給自足	The truth is, if the US were to go back to complete autarky, not trading with anybody, it would be poorer.
pedigree	血統	This idea has a long and somewhat infamous pedigree.
furnace	炉	Mao argue that steel could be produced in backyard steel furnaces.
peasant	小作人	The project failed miserably, but not before peasants melted down their pots and pans and plowshares to comply with the chairman’s wishes, and busied themselves producing steel while fields remained fallow and crops rotted on the ground.<br>X happens, but not before Y means that Y happens, then X
plowshare	鋤の刀	The project failed miserably, but not before peasants melted down their pots and pans and plowshares to comply with the chairman’s wishes, and busied themselves producing steel while fields remained fallow and crops rotted on the ground.<br>X happens, but not before Y means that Y happens, then X
busy	忙しくさせる	The project failed miserably, but not before peasants melted down their pots and pans and plowshares to comply with the chairman’s wishes, and busied themselves producing steel while fields remained fallow and crops rotted on the ground.<br>X happens, but not before Y means that Y happens, then X
fallow	休間期	The project failed miserably, but not before peasants melted down their pots and pans and plowshares to comply with the chairman’s wishes, and busied themselves producing steel while fields remained fallow and crops rotted on the ground.<br>X happens, but not before Y means that Y happens, then X
famine	飢饉	Many China observers think this might have contributed to the Great Chinese Famine of 1958-1960, when upward of thirty million people died.
upward of	を超える	Many China observers think this might have contributed to the Great Chinese Famine of 1958-1960, when upward of thirty million people died.
bumpy	凸凹の	Bumpy rides add so much to the final price of goods that consumers in remote villages enjoy almost no benefits from international trade.
petition	請願する	To qualify for the program, a worker must petition the Department of Labor.
revamp	改修する	The revamped TAA could be modeled on the GI bill.
stipend	給付金	It pays for full tuition at public schools, as well as a stipend for housing.
circumvent	抜け道を考え出す	Affected firms would need to be identified, and there would certainly be lobbying and attempts to circumvent the rules.
run afoul of	衝突する	The proposal may be seen as a form of trade protection and run afoul of WTO rules.
adjudicate	判決を下す	The principle of identifying firms that have been subject to trade shocks is already accepted by the TAA program, which has developed a mechanism to adjudicate claims.
animus	憎しみ	The increasingly open expression of unvanished animus toward people of different race, religion, ethnicity, and even gender has become the staple of populist leaders throughout the world.
staple	主要産物	The increasingly open expression of unvanished animus toward people of different race, religion, ethnicity, and even gender has become the staple of populist leaders throughout the world.
morass	泥沼	It is worth trying to understand why people have such views before we sink deeper into the morass of racism.
whim	気まぐれ	Not a whim or a mistake or a response to social pressures, but a considered judgment reflecting what we value.
endemic	地方特有の	What the television delivered was relief from the endemic problem of boredom.
exhortation	熱心な勧め	The exhortations of parents do not change our true preferences.
abut	隣接する	This kind of logic also explains why, in many developing countries, a part of the land ( for examples, the forest abutting the village) always held as common property.
cremate	火葬する	When he suddenly dies, no other Brahmin is willing to cremate him for fear of being polluted by contact with him.
diktat	敗戦国などに押し付ける絶対的命令	Even if these goals include, as they often do, discriminating against people with different ethnicity or sexual preferences, as well as the enforcement of religious diktat over those of the state.
tyranny	専制政治	For him, the law, the state as its enforcer, and the constitution from which it derived its force, were the best guarantors of the rights of the underprivileged against the tyranny of locally powerful against the community.
utensil	用具	They had to use separate utensils in restaurants.
writ	令状	The caste panchayats have actively resisted the state’s writ on sex and marriage in the name of tradition.
incarceration	投獄	This clearly is related to the much discussed large gap in incarceration rates between black males and everyone else.
consecutive	連続する	It was the third consecutive year they increased.
resentment	憤り	The dominant story in the United States since the 2016 elections, however, is not the mistrust of African Americans, but the open rage against immigrants, which goes well beyond purely economic resentment.
overt	明確な、公然の	The victory of someone who expressed overt anti-immigration views had freed respondents up to openly give money to an anti-immigrant group.
intimidation	脅し	Intimidation sometimes serves an economic purpose.
fealty	忠誠心	It is also true that sometimes individuals feel the need to express intolerance and prejudice in order to signal fealty to their group.
conviction	有罪判決	BTB policies restrict employers from using application forms where there is a box that needs to be checked if you have a criminal conviction.
felony	重罪	Whenever a job posting required indicating whether or not the applicant had a prior felony conviction, they also randomized whether he or she had one.
derelict	怠慢な	These neighborhoods became poorer and more derelict, more crime prone, and less and less conductive to economic success.
detention center	拘置場	We skip over news about the treatment of migrant children in detention centers to avoid thinking about the fact we have supported a government that treats children in this way.
deplorable	惨めな、哀れな	Accusing people of racism or calling them the deplorables, as Hillary Clinton famously did, is a terrible idea.
egregious	とても酷い	One can see why calling egregious racists fine people, and emphasizing there are bad people on both sides, as President Trump did, is clearly an effective strategy(however morally reprehensible) to gain popularity.
reprehensible	非難すべき	One can see why calling egregious racists fine people, and emphasizing there are bad people on both sides, as President Trump did, is clearly an effective strategy(however morally reprehensible) to gain popularity.
animosity	敵意	This created animosity between the groups, leading to name-calling and attempts to vandalize the other group’s possessions.
vandalize	故意に破壊する	This created animosity between the groups, leading to name-calling and attempts to vandalize the other group’s possessions.
animus	敵意	After some initial hesitation, they did so and mostly forgot their animus.
xenophobe	他所者に敵意がある人	That it is easy to divide is a strong reason to be extremely frightened by the xenophobes and the cynical manipulators of xenophobes who rule to many countries today.
ad hominem	個人攻撃	The fact that preferences are not necessarily internally consistent makes attaching ad hominem label – such as racist – to other human being suspect.
autism	自閉症	As a result, differing opinion can persist, even on points of fact such as whether vaccines cause autism or where Obama was born.
chamber	会議場	He describes these as echo chambers, where like-minded people whip themselves into a frenzy by listening only to each other.
frenzy	乱心	He describes these as echo chambers, where like-minded people whip themselves into a frenzy by listening only to each other.
whip	教え込む	He describes these as echo chambers, where like-minded people whip themselves into a frenzy by listening only to each other.
eclectic	取捨選択する、折衷主義	Eclectic political positions become increasingly untenable in the face of a resolute herd.
untenable	支持できない	Eclectic political positions become increasingly untenable in the face of a resolute herd.
affiliation	政治的な友好関係	It is possible to predict the political affiliation of a congressman simply by listening to the words they use.
snippet	切れ端	It takes just some snippets of our opinions to predict our politics, how we should be targeted, and what types of stories we are likely to like or dislike.
rampart	城壁	He was the rampart against the growing influence of Muslims and lower castes.
electorate	選挙民	The sharp segmentation of the electorate goes much deeper than just policy disagreements.
hue	色合い、傾向	Americans of different political hues have started to positively hate each other.
sanguine	楽観的な	It is hard to be entirely sanguine about the effects of the virtual social networks and the internet on our policy preferences.
gullible	騙されやすい	Older people are more gullible.
plummet	物価・人気などが急落する、釣り糸のおもり	It is no surprise that the number of journalists in the United States has plummeted in the last few years.
coalition	政治的な提携	The biggest coalition of tribes wins, even if its candidate is a known child molester, or worse.
molester	子供や女性に痴漢・意地悪をする人	The biggest coalition of tribes wins, even if its candidate is a known child molester, or worse.
unabashed	恥じない	There is an expanding circle of violence that is not uncorrelated with the unabashed expression of vituperation.
vituperation	毒舌	There is an expanding circle of violence that is not uncorrelated with the unabashed expression of vituperation.
endorse	是認する、支持する	White students who happened to end up with African American roommates were significantly more likely to endorse affirmative actions.
envision	心に描く	Affirmative action was envisioned in the US partly as compensation for historical injustice.
dilute	薄める	Other social groups have been lobbying to be included in the quotas, which serve to dilute them.
dilapidated	老朽化した、荒廃した	The fact that some of the team’s champions grew up and learned skills in the suburbs of Paris notorious for their dilapidated housing projects and their car-burning riots did create a sense of goodwill and shared purpose.
bum	怠け者	The kids were not all lazy bums who skipped school and committed petty crimes.
petty	些細な	The kids were not all lazy bums who skipped school and committed petty crimes.
proclivity for A	Aという性癖、性質	Mixed neighborhoods have a proclivity toward being unstable.
malaise	不快感	Such preferences are as much part of the symptoms of the malaise as its cause.
travail	苦境	Prejudice is often a defensive reaction to the many things we feel are going wrong in the world, our economic travails, and a sense that we are no longer respected or valued.
contempt	軽蔑	The expression of contempt for those who express racist sentiments, fraternize with racists, or vote for them serves onto to reinforce those sentiments, founded in the suspicion the world no longer respects us.
fraternize	契りを交わす	The expression of contempt for those who express racist sentiments, fraternize with racists, or vote for them serves onto to reinforce those sentiments, founded in the suspicion the world no longer respects us.
caveat	警告、注意	There is a strong tendency for economists to pronounce on these issues with categorical answers without detailed explanations and necessary caveats, which undermines credibility.
embargo	出航禁止	The member of countries of OPEC announced an embargo on oil.
pivotal	中枢の、重要な	In some sense, we are still talking about that pivotal momeet in the 1970s.
coax	おだてて何かをさせる	Can we coax growth to return and stay?
not called A for nothing	ただのAとは呼ばれていない	It is not called the Great Depression for nothing.
combustion	燃焼	This was the age in which electricity and the internal combustion engine came to assume their central role.
omnipresent	どこにでもある	Child labor, omnipresent in the nineteenth century, had more or less disappeared.
vivacious	活気のある	He is an enormously vivacious man.
meager	貧相な	He has gone out on a limb and predicted economic growth will average a meager 0.8% per year over the next twenty-five years.
daring	大胆な	His book is particularly daring.
gleefully	嬉しそうに	He gleefully takes on the set of future innovations futurologists predict and one by one explains why none of them would be as transformational as the elevator or air conditioning.
vex	焦らす	The fact that two brilliant minds come to such radically different conclusions about growth highlights what a vexing topic it has been.
pathetic	痛ましい	Growth is one area where we have been particularly pathetic.
plateau	高原	It took us some time to reach this new plateau and there was fast growth along the way, but we have no reason to expect this episode will repeat itself.
quixotic	空想的な	Was he just deliberately quixotic?
doyen	長老、古参	He is one of the doyens of the university.
precipitate	早める、促進する	Turgot, who tried unsuccessfully to head off France’s headlong descent into the economic chaos that eventually precipitated the French Revolution, wrote about it in 1767.
head off	真っ逆さまに	Turgot, who tried unsuccessfully to head off France’s headlong descent into the economic chaos that eventually precipitated the French Revolution, wrote about it in 1767.
descent	降下	Turgot, who tried unsuccessfully to head off France’s headlong descent into the economic chaos that eventually precipitated the French Revolution, wrote about it in 1767.
wrongdoer	悪事を働く人	Turgot, who tried unsuccessfully to head off France’s headlong descent into the economic chaos that eventually precipitated the French Revolution, wrote about it in 1767.
behemoth	巨大なもの(聖書:カバに似た巨獣)	There was no tendency for firms to become monopolistic behemoths.
stich	縫う	Although we will stitch together the best evidence for these theories, the result will be tentative.
tentative	あやふやな	Although we will stitch together the best evidence for these theories, the result will be tentative.
egregious	実にひどい	It is in the developing world, where growth is sometimes held back by an egregious abuse of economic logic, that we may have something useful to say, though, as we will see, even that is very limited.
abatement	削減	Electrolux was given 180 million dollars in tax abatements to start a new plant in Tennessee.
peter out	次第に失くなる、先細る	Pretty rapidly the original boost will peter out.
cannibalize	解体する	Growth in one region is different from national growth because it can happen in part by cannibalizing growth in the rest of the economy.
waft	漂う	In his world, new ideas just waft ln like the smell of roses on a summer breeze.
espionage	スパイ活動	Industrial espionage is a major global industry today, and so is its foil, patent law.
boon	賜物、恩恵、利益	Innovation is a boon innovators offer the world.
perennial	四季を通じて続く、永遠の	Republican politicians have consistently promised to cut taxes, and the perennial justification is that they promote growth.
trepidation	慄き、狼狽	Every Republican administration has tried to cut it down further and every Democratic administration has tried to raise it a little, though always with great trepidation.
usher in	案内をして通す	It is evident the low tax rate era ushered in by Reagan did nmt deliver faster growth.
causation	因果関係	I wouldn’t say that correlation is causation.
soothe	慰める	The repetition of this mantra by generations of serious economists has given it the soothing familiarity of a lullaby.
lullaby	子守唄	The repetition of this mantra by generations of serious economists has given it the soothing familiarity of a lullaby.
sluggish	動きが鈍い	Growth has also been sluggish in Europe.
inure	慣れる、自らを鍛える	We had become inured to the slightly uncomfortable expression that appeared on the faces of most businesspeople as soon they found out what we do, which is study poor countries.
antidote	解毒剤、対策	That investment was a potential antidote to the specter of diminishing returns haunting the rich countries’ financiers.
crumb	パンなどのくず	Thus, even though they often got only the crumbs, those crumbs were enough to push them above 1.9 dollars per person per day.
lord over	差配する	The institutions were designed to allow a small number of Europeans to lord it over vast number of natives who labored to grow sugarcane or cotton or to mine diamonds.
sugarcane	サトウキビ	The institutions were designed to allow a small number of Europeans to lord it over vast number of natives who labored to grow sugarcane or cotton or to mine diamonds.
promulgate	広める、公表する	The brutal indifference to local custom and lives that allowed settlers to promulgate their institution in the pre-modern period is not likely to be available today.
indifference	無関心	The brutal indifference to local custom and lives that allowed settlers to promulgate their institution in the pre-modern period is not likely to be available today.
erstwhile	かつての	Should we start with the Cultural Revolution, a valiant attempt to wipe out all cultural advantages of the erstwhile elites?
valiant	勇壮な	Should we start with the Cultural Revolution, a valiant attempt to wipe out all cultural advantages of the erstwhile elites?
bask	日向ぼっこする	The young social entrepreneurs basking in Silicon Valley’s enthusiastic glow have probably not read the report.
tenet	主義	A central tenet of all the growth theories is that resources are smoothly delivered to their most productive use.
cog	歯車の歯	As long as resources flow to their best use, each separate enterprise is like one cog ln a smoothly operating machine.
spawn	産む	The first story spawned a second one.
culprit	犯人	One natural culprit is the capital market.
stringent	厳重に	Cutting wages in government jobs would be a battle, but it would not be so difficult to make the age cut-off more stringent.
duality	二重性	In many developing countries, the labor markets feature this duality: there is a large informal sector without any protection, and a formal sector where employees are not only pampered but also strongly protected.
pamper	欲望をほしいままにさせる	In many developing countries, the labor markets feature this duality: there is a large informal sector without any protection, and a formal sector where employees are not only pampered but also strongly protected.
dirigisme	統制経済政策	If a country starts by using its resources very badly, like China did under communism or India did in its days of extreme dirigisme, then the first benefits of reform may come from moving resources to their best uses.
euphoria	多幸感	In the euphoria of the 1970s, some believed this to be possible.
complacency	自己満足	Countries like India that are growing fast right now should fear complacency.
savvy	精通している	savvier about technology
veer	急に変える	One very real danger is that in trying to hold on to fast growth, India will veer toward policies that hurt the poor now in the name of future growth.
bastion	砦	Interestingly, even the IMF, so long the bastion of growth-first orthodoxy, now recognized that sacrificing the poor to promote growth was bad policy.
nemesis	ネメシス(復讐の女神)、敵	Bill Easterly who was an outspoken critic of free bed net distribution, gracefully acknowledged ln a tweet that his nemesis Jeff Sachs was more right than he was on this particular issue.
outspoken	無遠慮な	Bill Easterly who was an outspoken critic of free bed net distribution, gracefully acknowledged ln a tweet that his nemesis Jeff Sachs was more right than he was on this particular issue.
scourge	天罰、悩み	The right policy choices were made, leading to tremendous progress against a terrible scourge.
elusive	つかみどころがない	The bottom line is that despite the best efforts of generations of economists, the deep mechanisms of persistent economic growth remain elusive.
locomotive	機関車	While we do not know when the growth locomotive will start, if and when it does, the poor will be more likely to hop onto that train lf they are in decent health, can read and write, and can think beyond their immediate circumstances.
coral reef	珊瑚礁	According to IPCC report, at 1.5°C, 70% of coral reefs would vanish.
wean	離乳させる、引き離す	Even if we could wean ourselves off coal entirely, without any movement toward more sustainable consumption, any future economic growth will have a large direct impact on climate change.
frolic	戯れる	Our children frolicked in the water.
portent	前兆	It was probably a portent of something everyone felt.
kiln	煉瓦を焼く炉	They work on brick kilns where air conditioning is not really an option.
cusp	尖った先、先端	A country like India, which is on the cusp of being able to afford the cheaper air-conditioning appliances, thus faces a particularly ghastly trade-off: saving lives today, or moderating climate change to save life in the future.
ghastly	恐ろしい	A country like India, which is on the cusp of being able to afford the cheaper air-conditioning appliances, thus faces a particularly ghastly trade-off: saving lives today, or moderating climate change to save life in the future.
conundrum	なぞなぞ	The air-conditioning conundrum is a particularly heart-wrenching illustration of the trade-off India feels it is facing, between the present and the future.
stave off	食い止める	It would cost about 1 percent of world GDP annually to stabilize emissions at the level necessary to stave off global warming.
sanguine	陽気な、楽天的な	It is hard to be entirely sanguine.
encroach	侵害する	Any attempt to convince people to do something different would then encroach on those preferences.
quotidian	日常の、ありふれた	If people don’t know how they feel about something as quotidian as a box of chocolates or a bottle of wine, why do we expect them to have clear preferences about climate change?
rubber hits the road	ここ一番、重要な場面	Where the rubber really hits the road is in the developing world.
crux	要点	The real crux of the issue is whether the developing world can afford to continue at its current pollution levels, even without the threat of global warming.
pristine	清純な	China’s skies are positively pristine compared to those of Indian cities.
stubble	刈り株	One important pollutant comes from burning the stubble left after crop-cutting in states neighboring Delhi.
ambient	包囲した	When ambient pollution is high, productivity is low.
firsthand	直接の	To take an example we encountered firsthand, at the end of 2018 the agitation of the Yellow Vests protesting a planned increase in the tax on gasoline closed down the streets of Paris every Saturday.
fabulist	寓話作者	Player Piano was the very first novel published by the great American fabulist Kurt Vonnegut.
bleak	見通しが暗い	They offer a bleak view of the impact of digitization on the future of employment.
redundant	不必要な	Digitization will make workers with ordinary skills increasingly redundant.
nail in the coffin	命取りになるもの	AI will be the final nail in the coffin of these ordinary workers.
doomsday	最後の審判の日	The difficulty is that doomsday has not arrived.
dawn	黎明	This is what happened to the skilled artisans spinning and weaving at the down of the industrial revolution.
pejoratively	軽蔑的なさまで	The term Luddite is now mostly used pejoratively to describe someone who blindly refuses progress.
reminiscent	思い出させる	These local impacts of robots on employment and wages are reminiscent of the impacts of greater exposure to international trade.
grandiose	大袈裟な	Unfortunately, notwithstanding the grandiose talk about singularities, the bulk of R&D resources is directed toward machine learning and other big data methods designed to automate existing tasks, rather than the invention of new products that would create new jobs.
reinstate	復職する	The worker can appeal and possibly be reinstated with back pay.
vote down	投票して否決する	In 2017 the European Parliament considered, but voted down, a proposed robot tax, citing concern over stifling innovation.
onerous	面倒な、厄介な	Taxes were too onerous.
dissuade	説得してやめさせる	Mrs. Thatcher apparently wanted to, but her cabinet colleagues.　dissuaded her.
siphon	賃金などが吸い上げる	Whatever economic growth happened since 1980 has been, for all intents and purposes, siphoned off by the rich.
priori	演繹的な	It is not a priori obvious that Reagan-Thatcher policies were the main reason why inequality went up.
squarely	真っ向から	The diagnosis of what actually happened in this period has been and continues to be an active area of debate within economics, with some, like Thomas Piketty, squarely blaming changes in politics.
stenography	速記	There are few stenographers left.
transmogrify	奇怪な姿や性格に変える	It cannot explain what happened at the very top of the income distribution, unless we think skills were suddenly transmogrified just for the very richest.
obscene	常識外れな	Therefore, such firms should strive to get the best CEO possible even if that requires paying him or her what some may feel is an obscene salary.
epitomize	象徴となる	A chunk of change, but nothing compared to those who manage the hedge funds, private equity funds that epitomize high-end finances, where, at lease until recently, you had to pay the managers 3% of the amount invested every year.
pancreatic	膵臓の	Maybe in a saner world they would have been writing the next great symphony or curing pancreatic cancer.
contagion	伝播	This creates a contagion; if one company starts to pay its CEO more, others not necessarily in finance feel they have to as well, to keep getting the best.
vigilant	油断がない	He is vigilant because it is his own money on the line.
unfetter	足枷をはずす	It seems unlikely that this state of affairs can continue unfettered without generating a massive backlash.
woe	悲哀	The majority of Americans whose wages and income have stagnated, and who confront an ever-widening gap between the wealth they see around them and the financial woes they are experiencing, face a choice between blaming themselves and finding someone to blame.
grim	恐ろしい	This grim trend ls specific to US whites.
vascular	血管系	Most of increase was due to changes in mortality from vascular disease.
levy	徴収する	To avoid taxing people twice, no taxes were ever levied on the income earned in 1997 and 1998: those were the tax holiday years.
no-brainer	悩む必要のないこと	From the point of view of economic logic, this is a no-brainer.
disguise	偽る、隠す	The idea was to make it absolutely clear that this is not a tax in disguise, a sly way to raise money from the farmers.
renege on	約束などを破る	People have seen too many instances where the government reneged on a pledge.
indigent	貧乏な	An indigent needs healthcare.
panacea	万能薬	Simple formulae do not work; privatization, for example, is not a panacea.
embroil	巻き込む	Another provider got itself embroiled in an egregious sexual abuse scandal.
gravy	楽に儲かるもの、思いがけない収入	How can you expect corruption to go away when heads of governments are themselves up to their elbows in gravy.
up to the elbows	仕事に忙しくて	How can you expect corruption to go away when heads of governments are themselves up to their elbows in gravy.
malpractice	医師の背任行為	Doctors in the USA recommend too many tests to avoid malpractice suits.
malpractice suit	誤診訴訟	Doctors in the USA recommend too many tests to avoid malpractice suits.
venal	買収できる、腐敗した	If it is assumed most people in government are either venal or lazy, it makes sense to try to remove all decision-making power from them.
impasse	行き詰まり	The United States seems to be at an impasse.
quid pro quo	見返り	The program emphasized a social quid pro quo.
come down the pike	現れる、やってくる	The experience highlights the notion that careful program design will be key to breaking open the seeming impasse in the United States and similar issues that might come down the pike elsewhere.
mausoleum	霊廟	It is unusual among buildings from that period, being neither a fort nor a palace, nor a mosque nor a mausoleum.
dire	恐ろしい、悲惨な	Being aristocrats, they would rather die than let it be known to the public that they had fallen into such dire straits, hence artifice of the nightly effort.
strait	窮乏(海峡の意味もある)	Being aristocrats, they would rather die than let it be known to the public that they had fallen into such dire straits, hence artifice of the nightly effort.
artifice	巧みな思いつき	Being aristocrats, they would rather die than let it be known to the public that they had fallen into such dire straits, hence artifice of the nightly effort.
wanton	理由のない、無茶苦茶な	Whatever one makes of the wanton snobbery that made this necessary, and indeed whether or not it actually happened, the story makes an important point.
snobbery	上品ぶった鼻もちならないもの	Whatever one makes of the wanton snobbery that made this necessary, and indeed whether or not it actually happened, the story makes an important point.
maven	物知り、玄人	It is popular among media mavens.
referendum	国民投票、住民投票	There was a referendum about it in Switzerland.
acculturate	文化変容させる	Many of them acculturated to assume people know best what is good for themselves.
dole	少量分けてやる	Doling the money out as a reward for some kind of good behavior as the conditional cash transfer programs is just making people jump through hoops for no reason.
proliferation	激増	The proliferation of rules also makes it hard to sign up.
intimidate	脅す	Those intimidated by the complexity of the sign-up process are often the neediest.
stigma	汚名	Stamp recipients receive government-issued electronic benefit transfer cards that are swiped like a debit card in the check-out line, which avoids the stigma of handing over the stamps.
swipe	カードを読取機に通す	Stamp recipients receive government-issued electronic benefit transfer cards that are swiped like a debit card in the check-out line, which avoids the stigma of handing over the stamps.
be up against	難題に直面する	He is up against middle class morality all the time.
abstemious	節制	To be deserving of charity one had to be abstemious, thrifty, church-going and above all hard working.
thrifty	倹約な	To be deserving of charity one had to be abstemious, thrifty, church-going and above all hard working.
culminate	最高潮に達する	This continued until 1960s, culminating in Lyndon B. Johnson’s “war on poverty.”
alias	別名	The model for this was Linda Taylor, a woman who had four aliases and was convicted of 8,000 dollars in fraud.
turpitude	堕落	The moral turpitude of the poor was now presented as the consequence of welfare itself.
compassion	同情	The irony is that misguided welfare programs instituted in the name of compassion have actually helped turn a shrinking problems into a national tragedy.
rupture	決裂する	Poverty won in part because instead of helping the poor, government programs ruptured the bonds holding poor families together.
usurpation	簒奪、権利侵害、横領	Perhaps the most insidious effect of welfare is its usurpation of the role of provider.
succumb	屈する	Sure, it might cause some pain, but it was worth it to prevent a large number of poor people from succumbing to sloth, one of seven deadly sins(=7つの大罪).
reticence	無口な、寡黙な	The Puritans would have also agreed with the reluctance to hand over cash, a reticence historically shared by the left and the right.
fritter away	金を費やす、浪費する	Even if you give ten times the amount I will prefer the ration shop(=配給)since the goods cannot be frittered away.
exigency	急迫した事情	It seems plausible that many people genuinely aspire to do something with their lives, but the exigencies of surviving on very little paralyze them.
anecdote	逸話	Ross was frustrated that politicians used anecdotes to justify economic policy, and that there was no factual basis to establish whether low-income people would stop working if they relieved help.
propensity	生まれつきの傾向	The official conclusion of the study was that the income maintenance program did not have large effects on the propensity for people.
destitute	衣食に事欠く	In developing countries where lots of people are at risk of finding themselves destitute from time to time, the value of having an assured fallback option like UBI could be enormous in making it easier to try something new.
till	土地を耕す	When the communists came to power, their priority was to give the tenant farmers permanent rights on the land they tilled.
arable	耕作に適している	If there had been some kind of UBI to provide this income, the resistance might have been much less and it might have been easier to move arable land into industrial use.
collude	結託する、共謀する、談合する	By colluding to pay too little, employers were actually reducing the number of jobs, perhaps because some people were unable or unwilling to work for very little money.
deputy	副官、代理人、議員	She is the deputy chief minister in the Delhi government.
opium	アヘン	He discovered this was the remnant of a long-defunct program to kelp opium-addicted refugees from Afghanistan who had settled in Delhi.
defunct	現存しない	He discovered this was the remnant of a long-defunct program to kelp opium-addicted refugees from Afghanistan who had settled in Delhi.
remnant	残滓	He discovered this was the remnant of a long-defunct program to kelp opium-addicted refugees from Afghanistan who had settled in Delhi.
petroleum	石油	India’s major fertilizer, petroleum, and food subsidies cost 2.07% of GDP.
modicum	少量の	It provides a modicum of meaning.
reflex	反射作用	This is consistent with the economist’s basic reflex.
concert	強調	There is a concerted effort by the government to get the worker back into employment.
yank	ぐいと引っ張る	It is too often about being yanked from a settled life plan and a particular vision of the good life.
verdant	新緑の	They forget that by preventing many of the farms from shutting down, it has kept the countryside in many European countries more verdant and vibrant.
vibrant	活気に満ちた	They forget that by preventing many of the farms from shutting down, it has kept the countryside in many European countries more verdant and vibrant.
ditch	溝、排水溝	Very few people want to dig ditches.
be a far cry from	〜から程遠い	It was a far cry from the conditions in her lab at Harvard.
with gusto	楽しそうに、活気良く	Those teachers were able to sustain the slum children’s attention, who played math games for several weeks, progressing through the games fast and with gusto, learning a good deal of math in the process.
wage	戦争や闘争を遂行する	We might alter the sense many blue-collar workers have that they are victims of a war waged by the rest of us against them.
callously	無情に	Coal workers perhaps not unreasonably felt that this was callously undercutting their way of life without ever feeling the need to apologize or compensate them for the loss.
scruffy	みすぼらしい	He wears a scruffy winter jackets.
cherry-picked	いいところをつまみ食いする	A competing program we also evaluated that simply cherry-picked the most promising candidates for a self-employment program and then focused on bringing their initial project idea to fruition had no effect whatsoever, mostly because it selected the type of people likely to succeed regardless of the help they got.
fruition	実を結ぶ、達成する	A competing program we also evaluated that simply cherry-picked the most promising candidates for a self-employment program and then focused on bringing their initial project idea to fruition had no effect whatsoever, mostly because it selected the type of people likely to succeed regardless of the help they got.
besiege	包囲する、悩ます	They are entitled to be seen for who they are and to not be defined by the difficulties besieging them.
treacherous	危険な、不実な	A natural response is then to wrap oneself into this identity, with treacherous consequences for society at large.
nimbly	素早く	The rich and the talented step nimbly into the glittering pockets of economic success, but all too many of the rest have to hang back.
vigilant	警戒	The only recourse we have against bad ideas is to be vigilant, resist the seduction of the obvious, be skeptical of promised miracles, question the evidence, be patient with complexity and honest about what we know and what we can know.