Good Economics for Hard Times

単語	意味	用例
compulsion	強い欲望	Economists seem to have a compulsion to make predictions that are almost doomed to fail.
deflect	逸らす	To avoid falling into this trap we have made something of an art form of deflecting questions about what awaits the economy ln the near future.
uncannily	気味が悪い	It was pure happenstance that we landed on an uncannily prophetlc title for this book.
bewilderment	当惑	You could have spotted us in the cafeteria, listening with some bewilderment to a Chinese colleague telling us that what was happening in Wuhan.
spot	見つける	You could have spotted us in the cafeteria, listening with some bewilderment to a Chinese colleague telling us that what was happening in Wuhan.
oblivious	忘れていて、気づかないで	We spent the school vacation, oblivious to the fast-spreading virus that would soon take thousands of lives.
bail	脱する	We canceled the plans because two of our best friends bailed.
contagious	感染しやすい	A pandemic with a flu virus, which is a very contagious virus, would take only a few weeks to diffuse to the entire world.
ail	苦しめる	A technique used to reveal the structure of a virus is an effective metaphor for the way the year 2020 exposed what ails our world.
chatter	ガタガタ鳴るもの	Despite the early chatter about the pandemic being a great leveler, it crystallized the tragic inequality that exists both within and across countries.
leveler	水平にする人、平等主義者	Despite the early chatter about the pandemic being a great leveler, it crystallized the tragic inequality that exists both within and across countries.
dire	恐ろしい	They were scared by the dire early pronouncements about the impact of the pandemic.
wreak havoc	大惨事をもたらす	The measure taken to contain it have already been wreaking their own kind of havoc.
emphatic	勢いのある	These countries kept the case count low and the mortality even lower in comparison to other countries through a combination of decisive containment measures and efficient and emphatic treatment.
curfew	門限	Curfew had to be respected.
expedient	道徳的でないが自己に都合が良い	They found it politically expedient to refuse to acknowledge othe magnitude of the problems.
wantonly	猥に	The public conversation between the left and the right has turned into high-decibel slanging match, where harsh words, used wantonly, leave very little scope for backtracking.
backtracking	後戻り	The public conversation between the left and the right has turned into high-decibel slanging match, where harsh words, used wantonly, leave very little scope for backtracking.
bigot	偏屈者	Sixty-one percent of Democrats say they view Republicans as racists, sexists, or bigots.
spiteful	意地悪な	Fifty-four percent of Republicans call Democrats spiteful.
reasoned	熟考したうえでの	Social scientists help each side understand what the other is saying, and thereby arrive at some reasoned disagreement.
dissent	意見の相違	Democracy can live with dissent, as long as there is respect on both sides.
discourse	議論、論壇、論文	These issues are in some ways front and center in the political discourse.
affirmation of	支持、賛同	Views on these issues are all too often based entirely on the affirmation of specific personal value.
bolster	主義・主張を支持する、補強する	When they are bolstered by anything, it is by made-up numbers and very simplistic readings of the facts.
what with	〜などの理由で	The go-go years of global growth may be over, what with China’s growth slowing and trade wars igniting everywhere.
ignite	燃え上がる	The go-go years of global growth may be over, what with China’s growth slowing and trade wars igniting everywhere.
affluent	富裕な	In the most countries in the affluent West, slow growth is nothing new at this point, but what makes it particularly is the rapid fraying of the social contract.
fray	争い、喧嘩	In the most countries in the affluent West, slow growth is nothing new at this point, but what makes it particularly is the rapid fraying of the social contract.
face off	対決する	We seem to be back in the Dickensian world of Hard Time, with the haves facing off against the increasingly alienated have-nots, with no resolution in sight.
alienate	遠ざける、仲違いさせる	We seem to be back in the Dickensian world of Hard Time, with the haves facing off against the increasingly alienated have-nots, with no resolution in sight.
sloth	怠惰	He studied redistribution to figure out whether it encourages sloth.
chasm	隔たり	There is a gaping chasm of 35 percentage points between how many economists agree with a particular statement and how many average Americans do.
jargon	専門用語	They use lots of jargon.
nigh	近い	Predictions are often well-nigh impossible.
parse	分析する	How did they parse through the many possible alternative interpretations of the evidence?
wrangle	喧嘩する	We have had to wrangle with TV anchors to tell our full story.
anchor	司会、錨	We have had to wrangle with TV anchors to tell our full story.
square with	適合する、一致する	Some, too beholden to some orthodoxy to pay attention to any fact that does not square with it, repeat old ideas.
strident	不快、耳障り	Our sense is that the best economics is frequently the least strident.
muck around with	いじくり回す	Physicists think deep thoughts, while engineers muck around with materials and try to give shape to those thoughts.
enamor	夢中にさせる、引きつける	What is dangerous is not making mistakes, but to be so enamored of one’s point of view that one dose not let facts get in the way.
horde	大群	Trump’s imaginary but enormously consequential hordes of murderous Mexican migrants.
reconcile	調和させる、一致させる	European parties are struggling to reconcile the liberal tradition they want to uphold with the threat they see across their shores.
uphold	支持する	European parties are struggling to reconcile the liberal tradition they want to uphold with the threat they see across their shores.
deluge	大洪水、殺到	Hardly a deluge
solicit	せがむ	One set aimed to solicit respondent’s opinions about migration, the other their factual knowledge of the numbers and characteristics of migrants.
parochial	偏狭な	Simply thinking about migration makes people more parochial.
utterly	完全に	There is an important reason why facts are ignored, and it is based on a piece of economics seemingly so utterly self-evident that many find it impossible to think past it.
self-evident	自明	There is an important reason why facts are ignored, and it is based on a piece of economics seemingly so utterly self-evident that many find it impossible to think past it.
seductive	人を惹きつける	The economic analysis of immigration often comes down to a seductive syllogism.
syllogism	三段論法	The economic analysis of immigration often comes down to a seductive syllogism.
grinding	圧倒する	They face the grinding extreme poverty.
protagonist	主人公	Apu is the protagonist of Aparajito, the second of Satyalit Ray’s wonderful Apu trilogy.
trilogy	三部作	Apu is the protagonist of Aparajito, the second of Satyalit Ray’s wonderful Apu trilogy.
scrimp	倹約する	He works two jobs and scrimps and saves so his chiodren one day can go to Harvard.
lava	溶岩	Lava destroyed about one-third of the houses on the islands.
ex ante	事前に	There was nothing different ex ante.
trajectory	軌道	It is possible to follow trajectories of all the original inhabitants of the islands.
bruise	傷、被害	Twenty-five years on, in spite of the bruises this hurried and chaotic exit must have left, the displaced population was richer than the rest.
impetus	刺激	Why was near starvation not enough of an impetus?
bout	発作	The evidence suggests that even large bouts of in-migration have little negative impact on the wages.
spurious	嘘の、誤った	This view seems spurious.
rebuttal	反証	No doubt as a result, the study was also extensively debated, with multiple rounds of rebuttals and counter-rebuttals.
to be blunt	率直に言えば	To be blunt, it does not help that no one on either side ever changes their mind.
repatriation	帰還、本国送還	He studied the repatriation to France of Algerians resulting from Algeria’s independence from France.
unequivocal	曖昧でない	Their conclusion is as close to unequivocal as you are ever going to get from a group of economists.
sweep	掃く	There are a number of factors that turn out to be relevant, which the basic supply-demand framework sweeps under the rug.
undo	打ち消す	It will help undo the effect.
grit	やり抜く力	They have the grit to overcome the problem.
crouch	かがむ	You will notice groups of people, crouching on the sidewalks.
disgruntle	不機嫌にする	Firing is unpleasant at best, and potentially dangerous if the disgruntled employee becomes enraged.
up to snuff	良品	They worry whether the work will be up to snuff.
clerical	事務	A study found that just applying for a midlevel clerical job took several days.
incumbency	地位	Their current employer knows them and trusts them; incumbency is a huge advantage.
cacophony	不協和音	The other reason immigration is so politically explosive is the idea that the number of would-be immigrants are overwhelming, that there is a horde of foreigners, a cacophony of alien languages and customs waiting to pour over our pristine monocultural borders.
pristine	素朴な、清純な	The other reason immigration is so politically explosive is the idea that the number of would-be immigrants are overwhelming, that there is a horde of foreigners, a cacophony of alien languages and customs waiting to pour over our pristine monocultural borders.
sewer	下水道	Absent sewers are what gives the slums their distinctive odor, somewhere between acrid and putrescent.
acrid	つんとする匂い	Absent sewers are what gives the slums their distinctive odor, somewhere between acrid and putrescent.
putrescent	腐敗しかかった	Absent sewers are what gives the slums their distinctive odor, somewhere between acrid and putrescent.
laureate	名誉を受けた	another future Nobel laureate
haphazard	出鱈目な	The city develops in haphazard ways.
evict	法的に立ち退かせる	They can be evicted because it’s not their land.
albeit	たとえ〜でも	The same problem also shows up in China, albeit in a less extreme form.
awning	雨よけ	They are protected by the awning of a shop.
stint	活動に従事していた期間	Many people though that out of a thousand migrants, over a two-year stint, about ten would die.
go to great lengths	労を厭わない	They will go to great lengths to avoid making decisions in cases where they do not know the exact contours of the problem.
contingency	偶発事件に付随する事柄	Migration is a plunge into the unknown, which may make people particularly reluctant to undertake it, even if they could in principle save up to cover the various financial contingencies involved.
be fraught with	危険などをはらんで、伴って	The world is fraught with uncertainties.
vagary	とっぴな行い、気まぐれ	These vagaries make them unhappy.
gullible	騙されやすい	Gullible buyers often end up with outrageously extended warranties.
burnish	磨く	If it is important to hold on to a certain self-image, then it also make sense to burnish it.
clincher	決めてとなるもの	This was less of an issue when most women did not work and could provide the childcare, but in today’s world it can be a clincher.
insularity	島国性	Many Silicon Valley investors emphasized the congestion, the insularity, the high cost of living in the Bay Area, and the great opportunities in the heartland.
glitzy	煌びやかな	Young people like glitzy bars.
poach	人材を引き抜く	It would be hard to recruit workers if every time you needed a new employee you had to persuade someone to move across the country, rather than poach one from your neighbor.
outlandish	奇異な	This might sound outlandish, given that the current conversation is mostly focused on how to limit migration.
be cloaked in	覆い隠す	They tended to be cloaked in the language of modernization.
wherewithal	必要な手段、金	These policies hurt the poorest people in the economy, the small farmer and the landless laborers, who may not have had the wherewithal to move.
assimilation	同化	The fear of being overwhelmed is also what gives rise to worries about assimilation.
roster	名簿	The IGM Booth panel asked its roster of experts.
swamp	打ち負かす(通例受け身)	The gains are swamped by the costs.
purport	主張する	His papers purports to tell us exactly who the losers are.
grudgingly	不承不承	Imports required licenses that were at best grudgingly granted.
exodus	大量脱出、出エジプト	Coming at the same time as the war-driven exodus of Indian emigres from the Middle East, the country experienced a massive foreign exchange shortage.
run the gamut from A to B	AからBまで網羅する	The answers run the gamut from very positive assessments of the effect of trade on GDP to much more skeptical positions.
nebulous	不透明な	There was also a more nebulous but perhaps equally important shift in the attitude of bureaucracy.
defiance	反抗の態度	Such a sky-high taxes invited defiance.
amid	〜の真っ只中	Mexico’s trade reform took place amid privatization, labor market reform, and deregulation.
pitfall	落とし穴	We demonstrated the many pitfalls of cross-country comparisons and country case studies
barrage	弾幕	She ran into a barrage of very unfriendly comments suggesting she had the wrong answer.
impeccable	欠点のない	This is why so many banks with seemingly impeccable balance sheets suddenly wake up to a looming disaster.
pest	害虫	This was on the grounds of keeping Mexican pests out, despite the facts that Mexico is territorially adjacent and that pests do not require visas to cross the border.
adjacent	近隣の	This was on the grounds of keeping Mexican pests out, despite the facts that Mexico is territorially adjacent and that pests do not require visas to cross the border.
disburse	支払う	Over 300 billion had been disbursed for various programs to help developing countries trade.
artisan	職人	ATA stands for Aid to Artisans.
loom	機織り機	The owner operates a single loom out of his house or a shed.
shed	物置	The owner operates a single loom out of his house or a shed.
rummage	引っかき回して捜索する	Or for the time it took you to find that blouse by rummaging through every consignment store in the village?
nascent	初期の、発生しようとしている	We encountered the pain of establishing a reputation in the nascent Indian software industry in the late 1990s.
hang up one’s shingle	看板を出す、開業する	All this made it relatively easy for anybody with the right diploma and a willingness to work hard to hang up their shingle and establish themselves as a firm.
futile	役に立たない、虚しい	In any case, for the most part disagreeing was futile.
numbing	無感覚にする	The work was predictable but mind numbing.
slog through	重い足取りで歩く	The life of slogging through mindless projects, haggling with clients who did not know what they wanted, and constantly wondering whether he could pay his rent was not what he had signed up for.
haggle	押問答する	The life of slogging through mindless projects, haggling with clients who did not know what they wanted, and constantly wondering whether he could pay his rent was not what he had signed up for.
brag	自慢する	They are going to sell the bragging rights that come with buying something clearly expensive.
ward off	避ける、受け流す	The value of brand name is that it wards off competition.
incumbent	現職の	What makes, for any potential new entrants, the challenge of undercutting the incumbent even harder is that the price paid to the supplier tends to be a small part of what a good-quality product is worth to the buyer.
fray	争い	To make matters worse, for, say, a new country trying to get into the fray, it is not only your own name that counts.
curse	呪い	The curse of low expectations can be very hard to overcome.
vouch	保証する	This is where it can be very useful to have the right connections: someone who knows you and will vouch for you.
lenient	寛大な	Current law generally imposes administrative penalties on violators of product quality law, which are too lenient.
maverick	異端者	The Italian maverick Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, once wrote: “The old is dying and the new cannot be born in this interregnum all manner of morbid symptoms appear.”
interregnum	空位期間	The Italian maverick Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, once wrote: “The old is dying and the new cannot be born in this interregnum all manner of morbid symptoms appear.”
morbid	憂鬱な	The Italian maverick Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, once wrote: “The old is dying and the new cannot be born in this interregnum all manner of morbid symptoms appear.”
renminbi	人民元	China systematically undervalued its exchange rate throughout the 2000s by selling renminbi and buying foreign currencies to keep its product artificially cheap against the competing products sold in dollars.
frugal	倹約な	Given how good the Chinese were at exporting and just how frugal Chinese consumers are, China has a natural tendency to sell more than it buys.
choke off	止める、停止する	This ought to have pushed the exchange rate up and choked off export growth.
dearth	欠乏	The disappearance of these amenities and the dearth of nice neighborhoods can make an area so unattractive that it becomes impossible to revive.
prescription	処方箋	All that’s left is a pharmacy where seniors come to get their prescriptions filled.
minuscule	非常に小さい	It provided a minuscule share of the already small transfers toward the affected countries.
denigrate	誹謗中傷する	So not only did the United States not come close to compensating the workers who lose out, but what little help people could get through the existing social protection apparatus seemed designed to make them feel denigrated.
born out of wedlock	嫡出でない子	When their country was hit by the China shock, fewer people got married, fewer had children, and of the children who were born, more were born out of wedlock.
retaliate	報復する	Trump then talked about 50 billion dollars tariffs on Chinese goods, and then when China retaliated, suggested another 100 billion dollars.
specter	亡霊	They evoked the specter of the “worst ever tariff,” the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act.
veto	拒否する	In May 1930, over a thousand economists had written a letter encouraging President Hoover to veto the Smoot-Hawley bill.
autarky	経済的自立、自給自足	The truth is, if the US were to go back to complete autarky, not trading with anybody, it would be poorer.
pedigree	血統	This idea has a long and somewhat infamous pedigree.
furnace	炉	Mao argue that steel could be produced in backyard steel furnaces.
peasant	小作人	The project failed miserably, but not before peasants melted down their pots and pans and plowshares to comply with the chairman’s wishes, and busied themselves producing steel while fields remained fallow and crops rotted on the ground.<br>X happens, but not before Y means that Y happens, then X
plowshare	鋤の刀	The project failed miserably, but not before peasants melted down their pots and pans and plowshares to comply with the chairman’s wishes, and busied themselves producing steel while fields remained fallow and crops rotted on the ground.<br>X happens, but not before Y means that Y happens, then X
busy	忙しくさせる	The project failed miserably, but not before peasants melted down their pots and pans and plowshares to comply with the chairman’s wishes, and busied themselves producing steel while fields remained fallow and crops rotted on the ground.<br>X happens, but not before Y means that Y happens, then X
fallow	休間期	The project failed miserably, but not before peasants melted down their pots and pans and plowshares to comply with the chairman’s wishes, and busied themselves producing steel while fields remained fallow and crops rotted on the ground.<br>X happens, but not before Y means that Y happens, then X
famine	飢饉	Many China observers think this might have contributed to the Great Chinese Famine of 1958-1960, when upward of thirty million people died.
upward of	を超える	Many China observers think this might have contributed to the Great Chinese Famine of 1958-1960, when upward of thirty million people died.
bumpy	凸凹の	Bumpy rides add so much to the final price of goods that consumers in remote villages enjoy almost no benefits from international trade.
petition	請願する	To qualify for the program, a worker must petition the Department of Labor.
revamp	改修する	The revamped TAA could be modeled on the GI bill.
stipend	給付金	It pays for full tuition at public schools, as well as a stipend for housing.
circumvent	抜け道を考え出す	Affected firms would need to be identified, and there would certainly be lobbying and attempts to circumvent the rules.
run afoul of	衝突する	The proposal may be seen as a form of trade protection and run afoul of WTO rules.
adjudicate	判決を下す	The principle of identifying firms that have been subject to trade shocks is already accepted by the TAA program, which has developed a mechanism to adjudicate claims.
animus	憎しみ	The increasingly open expression of unvanished animus toward people of different race, religion, ethnicity, and even gender has become the staple of populist leaders throughout the world.
staple	主要産物	The increasingly open expression of unvanished animus toward people of different race, religion, ethnicity, and even gender has become the staple of populist leaders throughout the world.
morass	泥沼	It is worth trying to understand why people have such views before we sink deeper into the morass of racism.
whim	気まぐれ	Not a whim or a mistake or a response to social pressures, but a considered judgment reflecting what we value.
endemic	地方特有の	What the television delivered was relief from the endemic problem of boredom.
exhortation	熱心な勧め	The exhortations of parents do not change our true preferences.
abut	隣接する	This kind of logic also explains why, in many developing countries, a part of the land ( for examples, the forest abutting the village) always held as common property.
cremate	火葬する	When he suddenly dies, no other Brahmin is willing to cremate him for fear of being polluted by contact with him.
diktat	敗戦国などに押し付ける絶対的命令	Even if these goals include, as they often do, discriminating against people with different ethnicity or sexual preferences, as well as the enforcement of religious diktat over those of the state.
tyranny	専制政治	For him, the law, the state as its enforcer, and the constitution from which it derived its force, were the best guarantors of the rights of the underprivileged against the tyranny of locally powerful against the community.
utensil	用具	They had to use separate utensils in restaurants.
writ	令状	The caste panchayats have actively resisted the state’s writ on sex and marriage in the name of tradition.
incarceration	投獄	This clearly is related to the much discussed large gap in incarceration rates between black males and everyone else.
consecutive	連続する	It was the third consecutive year they increased.
resentment	憤り	The dominant story in the United States since the 2016 elections, however, is not the mistrust of African Americans, but the open rage against immigrants, which goes well beyond purely economic resentment.
overt	明確な、公然の	The victory of someone who expressed overt anti-immigration views had freed respondents up to openly give money to an anti-immigrant group.
intimidation	脅し	Intimidation sometimes serves an economic purpose.
fealty	忠誠心	It is also true that sometimes individuals feel the need to express intolerance and prejudice in order to signal fealty to their group.
conviction	有罪判決	BTB policies restrict employers from using application forms where there is a box that needs to be checked if you have a criminal conviction.
felony	重罪	Whenever a job posting required indicating whether or not the applicant had a prior felony conviction, they also randomized whether he or she had one.
derelict	怠慢な	These neighborhoods became poorer and more derelict, more crime prone, and less and less conductive to economic success.
detention center	拘置場	We skip over news about the treatment of migrant children in detention centers to avoid thinking about the fact we have supported a government that treats children in this way.
deplorable	惨めな、哀れな	Accusing people of racism or calling them the deplorables, as Hillary Clinton famously did, is a terrible idea.
egregious	とても酷い	One can see why calling egregious racists fine people, and emphasizing there are bad people on both sides, as President Trump did, is clearly an effective strategy(however morally reprehensible) to gain popularity.
reprehensible	非難すべき	One can see why calling egregious racists fine people, and emphasizing there are bad people on both sides, as President Trump did, is clearly an effective strategy(however morally reprehensible) to gain popularity.
animosity	敵意	This created animosity between the groups, leading to name-calling and attempts to vandalize the other group’s possessions.
vandalize	故意に破壊する	This created animosity between the groups, leading to name-calling and attempts to vandalize the other group’s possessions.
animus	敵意	After some initial hesitation, they did so and mostly forgot their animus.
xenophobe	他所者に敵意がある人	That it is easy to divide is a strong reason to be extremely frightened by the xenophobes and the cynical manipulators of xenophobes who rule to many countries today.
ad hominem	個人攻撃	The fact that preferences are not necessarily internally consistent makes attaching ad hominem label – such as racist – to other human being suspect.
autism	自閉症	As a result, differing opinion can persist, even on points of fact such as whether vaccines cause autism or where Obama was born.
chamber	会議場	He describes these as echo chambers, where like-minded people whip themselves into a frenzy by listening only to each other.
frenzy	乱心	He describes these as echo chambers, where like-minded people whip themselves into a frenzy by listening only to each other.
whip	教え込む	He describes these as echo chambers, where like-minded people whip themselves into a frenzy by listening only to each other.
eclectic	取捨選択する、折衷主義	Eclectic political positions become increasingly untenable in the face of a resolute herd.
untenable	支持できない	Eclectic political positions become increasingly untenable in the face of a resolute herd.
affiliation	政治的な友好関係	It is possible to predict the political affiliation of a congressman simply by listening to the words they use.
snippet	切れ端	It takes just some snippets of our opinions to predict our politics, how we should be targeted, and what types of stories we are likely to like or dislike.
rampart	城壁	He was the rampart against the growing influence of Muslims and lower castes.
electorate	選挙民	The sharp segmentation of the electorate goes much deeper than just policy disagreements.
hue	色合い、傾向	Americans of different political hues have started to positively hate each other.
sanguine	楽観的な	It is hard to be entirely sanguine about the effects of the virtual social networks and the internet on our policy preferences.
gullible	騙されやすい	Older people are more gullible.
plummet	物価・人気などが急落する、釣り糸のおもり	It is no surprise that the number of journalists in the United States has plummeted in the last few years.
coalition	政治的な提携	The biggest coalition of tribes wins, even if its candidate is a known child molester, or worse.
molester	子供や女性に痴漢・意地悪をする人	The biggest coalition of tribes wins, even if its candidate is a known child molester, or worse.
unabashed	恥じない	There is an expanding circle of violence that is not uncorrelated with the unabashed expression of vituperation.
vituperation	毒舌	There is an expanding circle of violence that is not uncorrelated with the unabashed expression of vituperation.
endorse	是認する、支持する	White students who happened to end up with African American roommates were significantly more likely to endorse affirmative actions.
envision	心に描く	Affirmative action was envisioned in the US partly as compensation for historical injustice.
dilute	薄める	Other social groups have been lobbying to be included in the quotas, which serve to dilute them.
dilapidated	老朽化した、荒廃した	The fact that some of the team’s champions grew up and learned skills in the suburbs of Paris notorious for their dilapidated housing projects and their car-burning riots did create a sense of goodwill and shared purpose.
bum	怠け者	The kids were not all lazy bums who skipped school and committed petty crimes.
petty	些細な	The kids were not all lazy bums who skipped school and committed petty crimes.
proclivity for A	Aという性癖、性質	Mixed neighborhoods have a proclivity toward being unstable.
malaise	不快感	Such preferences are as much part of the symptoms of the malaise as its cause.
travail	苦境	Prejudice is often a defensive reaction to the many things we feel are going wrong in the world, our economic travails, and a sense that we are no longer respected or valued.
contempt	軽蔑	The expression of contempt for those who express racist sentiments, fraternize with racists, or vote for them serves onto to reinforce those sentiments, founded in the suspicion the world no longer respects us.
fraternize	契りを交わす	The expression of contempt for those who express racist sentiments, fraternize with racists, or vote for them serves onto to reinforce those sentiments, founded in the suspicion the world no longer respects us.
caveat	警告、注意	There is a strong tendency for economists to pronounce on these issues with categorical answers without detailed explanations and necessary caveats, which undermines credibility.
embargo	出航禁止	The member of countries of OPEC announced an embargo on oil.
pivotal	中枢の、重要な	In some sense, we are still talking about that pivotal momeet in the 1970s.
coax	おだてて何かをさせる	Can we coax growth to return and stay?
not called A for nothing	ただのAとは呼ばれていない	It is not called the Great Depression for nothing.
combustion	燃焼	This was the age in which electricity and the internal combustion engine came to assume their central role.
omnipresent	どこにでもある	Child labor, omnipresent in the nineteenth century, had more or less disappeared.
vivacious	活気のある	He is an enormously vivacious man.
meager	貧相な	He has gone out on a limb and predicted economic growth will average a meager 0.8% per year over the next twenty-five years.
daring	大胆な	His book is particularly daring.
gleefully	嬉しそうに	He gleefully takes on the set of future innovations futurologists predict and one by one explains why none of them would be as transformational as the elevator or air conditioning.
vex	焦らす	The fact that two brilliant minds come to such radically different conclusions about growth highlights what a vexing topic it has been.
pathetic	痛ましい	Growth is one area where we have been particularly pathetic.
plateau	高原	It took us some time to reach this new plateau and there was fast growth along the way, but we have no reason to expect this episode will repeat itself.
quixotic	空想的な	Was he just deliberately quixotic?
doyen	長老、古参	He is one of the doyens of the university.
precipitate	早める、促進する	Turgot, who tried unsuccessfully to head off France’s headlong descent into the economic chaos that eventually precipitated the French Revolution, wrote about it in 1767.
head off	真っ逆さまに	Turgot, who tried unsuccessfully to head off France’s headlong descent into the economic chaos that eventually precipitated the French Revolution, wrote about it in 1767.
descent	降下	Turgot, who tried unsuccessfully to head off France’s headlong descent into the economic chaos that eventually precipitated the French Revolution, wrote about it in 1767.
wrongdoer	悪事を働く人	Turgot, who tried unsuccessfully to head off France’s headlong descent into the economic chaos that eventually precipitated the French Revolution, wrote about it in 1767.
behemoth	巨大なもの(聖書:カバに似た巨獣)	There was no tendency for firms to become monopolistic behemoths.
stich	縫う	Although we will stitch together the best evidence for these theories, the result will be tentative.
tentative	あやふやな	Although we will stitch together the best evidence for these theories, the result will be tentative.
egregious	実にひどい	It is in the developing world, where growth is sometimes held back by an egregious abuse of economic logic, that we may have something useful to say, though, as we will see, even that is very limited.
abatement	削減	Electrolux was given 180 million dollars in tax abatements to start a new plant in Tennessee.
peter out	次第に失くなる、先細る	Pretty rapidly the original boost will peter out.
cannibalize	解体する	Growth in one region is different from national growth because it can happen in part by cannibalizing growth in the rest of the economy.
waft	漂う	In his world, new ideas just waft ln like the smell of roses on a summer breeze.
espionage	スパイ活動	Industrial espionage is a major global industry today, and so is its foil, patent law.
boon	賜物、恩恵、利益	Innovation is a boon innovators offer the world.
perennial	四季を通じて続く、永遠の	Republican politicians have consistently promised to cut taxes, and the perennial justification is that they promote growth.
trepidation	慄き、狼狽	Every Republican administration has tried to cut it down further and every Democratic administration has tried to raise it a little, though always with great trepidation.
usher in	案内をして通す	It is evident the low tax rate era ushered in by Reagan did nmt deliver faster growth.
causation	因果関係	I wouldn’t say that correlation is causation.
soothe	慰める	The repetition of this mantra by generations of serious economists has given it the soothing familiarity of a lullaby.
lullaby	子守唄	The repetition of this mantra by generations of serious economists has given it the soothing familiarity of a lullaby.
sluggish	動きが鈍い	Growth has also been sluggish in Europe.
inure	慣れる、自らを鍛える	We had become inured to the slightly uncomfortable expression that appeared on the faces of most businesspeople as soon they found out what we do, which is study poor countries.
antidote	解毒剤、対策	That investment was a potential antidote to the specter of diminishing returns haunting the rich countries’ financiers.
crumb	パンなどのくず	Thus, even though they often got only the crumbs, those crumbs were enough to push them above 1.9 dollars per person per day.
lord over	差配する	The institutions were designed to allow a small number of Europeans to lord it over vast number of natives who labored to grow sugarcane or cotton or to mine diamonds.
sugarcane	サトウキビ	The institutions were designed to allow a small number of Europeans to lord it over vast number of natives who labored to grow sugarcane or cotton or to mine diamonds.
promulgate	広める、公表する	The brutal indifference to local custom and lives that allowed settlers to promulgate their institution in the pre-modern period is not likely to be available today.
indifference	無関心	The brutal indifference to local custom and lives that allowed settlers to promulgate their institution in the pre-modern period is not likely to be available today.
erstwhile	かつての	Should we start with the Cultural Revolution, a valiant attempt to wipe out all cultural advantages of the erstwhile elites?
valiant	勇壮な	Should we start with the Cultural Revolution, a valiant attempt to wipe out all cultural advantages of the erstwhile elites?
bask	日向ぼっこする	The young social entrepreneurs basking in Silicon Valley’s enthusiastic glow have probably not read the report.
tenet	主義	A central tenet of all the growth theories is that resources are smoothly delivered to their most productive use.
cog	歯車の歯	As long as resources flow to their best use, each separate enterprise is like one cog ln a smoothly operating machine.
spawn	産む	The first story spawned a second one.
culprit	犯人	One natural culprit is the capital market.
stringent	厳重に	Cutting wages in government jobs would be a battle, but it would not be so difficult to make the age cut-off more stringent.
duality	二重性	In many developing countries, the labor markets feature this duality: there is a large informal sector without any protection, and a formal sector where employees are not only pampered but also strongly protected.
pamper	欲望をほしいままにさせる	In many developing countries, the labor markets feature this duality: there is a large informal sector without any protection, and a formal sector where employees are not only pampered but also strongly protected.
dirigisme	統制経済政策	If a country starts by using its resources very badly, like China did under communism or India did in its days of extreme dirigisme, then the first benefits of reform may come from moving resources to their best uses.
euphoria	多幸感	In the euphoria of the 1970s, some believed this to be possible.
complacency	自己満足	Countries like India that are growing fast right now should fear complacency.
savvy	精通している	savvier about technology
veer	急に変える	One very real danger is that in trying to hold on to fast growth, India will veer toward policies that hurt the poor now in the name of future growth.
bastion	砦	Interestingly, even the IMF, so long the bastion of growth-first orthodoxy, now recognized that sacrificing the poor to promote growth was bad policy.
nemesis	ネメシス(復讐の女神)、敵	Bill Easterly who was an outspoken critic of free bed net distribution, gracefully acknowledged ln a tweet that his nemesis Jeff Sachs was more right than he was on this particular issue.
outspoken	無遠慮な	Bill Easterly who was an outspoken critic of free bed net distribution, gracefully acknowledged ln a tweet that his nemesis Jeff Sachs was more right than he was on this particular issue.
scourge	天罰、悩み	The right policy choices were made, leading to tremendous progress against a terrible scourge.
elusive	つかみどころがない	The bottom line is that despite the best efforts of generations of economists, the deep mechanisms of persistent economic growth remain elusive.
locomotive	機関車	While we do not know when the growth locomotive will start, if and when it does, the poor will be more likely to hop onto that train lf they are in decent health, can read and write, and can think beyond their immediate circumstances.
coral reef	珊瑚礁	According to IPCC report, at 1.5°C, 70% of coral reefs would vanish.
wean	離乳させる、引き離す	Even if we could wean ourselves off coal entirely, without any movement toward more sustainable consumption, any future economic growth will have a large direct impact on climate change.
frolic	戯れる	Our children frolicked in the water.
portent	前兆	It was probably a portent of something everyone felt.
kiln	煉瓦を焼く炉	They work on brick kilns where air conditioning is not really an option.
cusp	尖った先、先端	A country like India, which is on the cusp of being able to afford the cheaper air-conditioning appliances, thus faces a particularly ghastly trade-off: saving lives today, or moderating climate change to save life in the future.
ghastly	恐ろしい	A country like India, which is on the cusp of being able to afford the cheaper air-conditioning appliances, thus faces a particularly ghastly trade-off: saving lives today, or moderating climate change to save life in the future.
conundrum	なぞなぞ	The air-conditioning conundrum is a particularly heart-wrenching illustration of the trade-off India feels it is facing, between the present and the future.
stave off	食い止める	It would cost about 1 percent of world GDP annually to stabilize emissions at the level necessary to stave off global warming.
sanguine	陽気な、楽天的な	It is hard to be entirely sanguine.
encroach	侵害する	Any attempt to convince people to do something different would then encroach on those preferences.
quotidian	日常の、ありふれた	If people don’t know how they feel about something as quotidian as a box of chocolates or a bottle of wine, why do we expect them to have clear preferences about climate change?
rubber hits the road	ここ一番、重要な場面	Where the rubber really hits the road is in the developing world.
crux	要点	The real crux of the issue is whether the developing world can afford to continue at its current pollution levels, even without the threat of global warming.
pristine	清純な	China’s skies are positively pristine compared to those of Indian cities.
stubble	刈り株	One important pollutant comes from burning the stubble left after crop-cutting in states neighboring Delhi.
ambient	包囲した	When ambient pollution is high, productivity is low.
firsthand	直接の	To take an example we encountered firsthand, at the end of 2018 the agitation of the Yellow Vests protesting a planned increase in the tax on gasoline closed down the streets of Paris every Saturday.
fabulist	寓話作者	Player Piano was the very first novel published by the great American fabulist Kurt Vonnegut.
bleak	見通しが暗い	They offer a bleak view of the impact of digitization on the future of employment.
redundant	不必要な	Digitization will make workers with ordinary skills increasingly redundant.
nail in the coffin	命取りになるもの	AI will be the final nail in the coffin of these ordinary workers.
doomsday	最後の審判の日	The difficulty is that doomsday has not arrived.
dawn	黎明	This is what happened to the skilled artisans spinning and weaving at the down of the industrial revolution.
pejoratively	軽蔑的なさまで	The term Luddite is now mostly used pejoratively to describe someone who blindly refuses progress.
reminiscent	思い出させる	These local impacts of robots on employment and wages are reminiscent of the impacts of greater exposure to international trade.
grandiose	大袈裟な	Unfortunately, notwithstanding the grandiose talk about singularities, the bulk of R&D resources is directed toward machine learning and other big data methods designed to automate existing tasks, rather than the invention of new products that would create new jobs.
reinstate	復職する	The worker can appeal and possibly be reinstated with back pay.
vote down	投票して否決する	In 2017 the European Parliament considered, but voted down, a proposed robot tax, citing concern over stifling innovation.
onerous	面倒な、厄介な	Taxes were too onerous.
dissuade	説得してやめさせる	Mrs. Thatcher apparently wanted to, but her cabinet colleagues.　dissuaded her.
siphon	賃金などが吸い上げる	Whatever economic growth happened since 1980 has been, for all intents and purposes, siphoned off by the rich.
priori	演繹的な	It is not a priori obvious that Reagan-Thatcher policies were the main reason why inequality went up.
squarely	真っ向から	The diagnosis of what actually happened in this period has been and continues to be an active area of debate within economics, with some, like Thomas Piketty, squarely blaming changes in politics.
stenography	速記	There are few stenographers left.
transmogrify	奇怪な姿や性格に変える	It cannot explain what happened at the very top of the income distribution, unless we think skills were suddenly transmogrified just for the very richest.
obscene	常識外れな	Therefore, such firms should strive to get the best CEO possible even if that requires paying him or her what some may feel is an obscene salary.
epitomize	象徴となる	A chunk of change, but nothing compared to those who manage the hedge funds, private equity funds that epitomize high-end finances, where, at lease until recently, you had to pay the managers 3% of the amount invested every year.
pancreatic	膵臓の	Maybe in a saner world they would have been writing the next great symphony or curing pancreatic cancer.
contagion	伝播	This creates a contagion; if one company starts to pay its CEO more, others not necessarily in finance feel they have to as well, to keep getting the best.
vigilant	油断がない	He is vigilant because it is his own money on the line.
unfetter	足枷をはずす	It seems unlikely that this state of affairs can continue unfettered without generating a massive backlash.
woe	悲哀	The majority of Americans whose wages and income have stagnated, and who confront an ever-widening gap between the wealth they see around them and the financial woes they are experiencing, face a choice between blaming themselves and finding someone to blame.
grim	恐ろしい	This grim trend ls specific to US whites.
vascular	血管系	Most of increase was due to changes in mortality from vascular disease.
levy	徴収する	To avoid taxing people twice, no taxes were ever levied on the income earned in 1997 and 1998: those were the tax holiday years.
no-brainer	悩む必要のないこと	From the point of view of economic logic, this is a no-brainer.
disguise	偽る、隠す	The idea was to make it absolutely clear that this is not a tax in disguise, a sly way to raise money from the farmers.
renege on	約束などを破る	People have seen too many instances where the government reneged on a pledge.
indigent	貧乏な	An indigent needs healthcare.
panacea	万能薬	Simple formulae do not work; privatization, for example, is not a panacea.
embroil	巻き込む	Another provider got itself embroiled in an egregious sexual abuse scandal.
gravy	楽に儲かるもの、思いがけない収入	How can you expect corruption to go away when heads of governments are themselves up to their elbows in gravy.
up to the elbows	仕事に忙しくて	How can you expect corruption to go away when heads of governments are themselves up to their elbows in gravy.
malpractice	医師の背任行為	Doctors in the USA recommend too many tests to avoid malpractice suits.
malpractice suit	誤診訴訟	Doctors in the USA recommend too many tests to avoid malpractice suits.
venal	買収できる、腐敗した	If it is assumed most people in government are either venal or lazy, it makes sense to try to remove all decision-making power from them.
impasse	行き詰まり	The United States seems to be at an impasse.
quid pro quo	見返り	The program emphasized a social quid pro quo.
come down the pike	現れる、やってくる	The experience highlights the notion that careful program design will be key to breaking open the seeming impasse in the United States and similar issues that might come down the pike elsewhere.
mausoleum	霊廟	It is unusual among buildings from that period, being neither a fort nor a palace, nor a mosque nor a mausoleum.
dire	恐ろしい、悲惨な	Being aristocrats, they would rather die than let it be known to the public that they had fallen into such dire straits, hence artifice of the nightly effort.
strait	窮乏(海峡の意味もある)	Being aristocrats, they would rather die than let it be known to the public that they had fallen into such dire straits, hence artifice of the nightly effort.
artifice	巧みな思いつき	Being aristocrats, they would rather die than let it be known to the public that they had fallen into such dire straits, hence artifice of the nightly effort.
wanton	理由のない、無茶苦茶な	Whatever one makes of the wanton snobbery that made this necessary, and indeed whether or not it actually happened, the story makes an important point.
snobbery	上品ぶった鼻もちならないもの	Whatever one makes of the wanton snobbery that made this necessary, and indeed whether or not it actually happened, the story makes an important point.
maven	物知り、玄人	It is popular among media mavens.
referendum	国民投票、住民投票	There was a referendum about it in Switzerland.
acculturate	文化変容させる	Many of them acculturated to assume people know best what is good for themselves.
dole	少量分けてやる	Doling the money out as a reward for some kind of good behavior as the conditional cash transfer programs is just making people jump through hoops for no reason.
proliferation	激増	The proliferation of rules also makes it hard to sign up.
intimidate	脅す	Those intimidated by the complexity of the sign-up process are often the neediest.
stigma	汚名	Stamp recipients receive government-issued electronic benefit transfer cards that are swiped like a debit card in the check-out line, which avoids the stigma of handing over the stamps.
swipe	カードを読取機に通す	Stamp recipients receive government-issued electronic benefit transfer cards that are swiped like a debit card in the check-out line, which avoids the stigma of handing over the stamps.
be up against	難題に直面する	He is up against middle class morality all the time.
abstemious	節制	To be deserving of charity one had to be abstemious, thrifty, church-going and above all hard working.
thrifty	倹約な	To be deserving of charity one had to be abstemious, thrifty, church-going and above all hard working.
culminate	最高潮に達する	This continued until 1960s, culminating in Lyndon B. Johnson’s “war on poverty.”
alias	別名	The model for this was Linda Taylor, a woman who had four aliases and was convicted of 8,000 dollars in fraud.
turpitude	堕落	The moral turpitude of the poor was now presented as the consequence of welfare itself.
compassion	同情	The irony is that misguided welfare programs instituted in the name of compassion have actually helped turn a shrinking problems into a national tragedy.
rupture	決裂する	Poverty won in part because instead of helping the poor, government programs ruptured the bonds holding poor families together.
usurpation	簒奪、権利侵害、横領	Perhaps the most insidious effect of welfare is its usurpation of the role of provider.
succumb	屈する	Sure, it might cause some pain, but it was worth it to prevent a large number of poor people from succumbing to sloth, one of seven deadly sins(=7つの大罪).
reticence	無口な、寡黙な	The Puritans would have also agreed with the reluctance to hand over cash, a reticence historically shared by the left and the right.
fritter away	金を費やす、浪費する	Even if you give ten times the amount I will prefer the ration shop(=配給)since the goods cannot be frittered away.
exigency	急迫した事情	It seems plausible that many people genuinely aspire to do something with their lives, but the exigencies of surviving on very little paralyze them.
anecdote	逸話	Ross was frustrated that politicians used anecdotes to justify economic policy, and that there was no factual basis to establish whether low-income people would stop working if they relieved help.
propensity	生まれつきの傾向	The official conclusion of the study was that the income maintenance program did not have large effects on the propensity for people.
destitute	衣食に事欠く	In developing countries where lots of people are at risk of finding themselves destitute from time to time, the value of having an assured fallback option like UBI could be enormous in making it easier to try something new.
till	土地を耕す	When the communists came to power, their priority was to give the tenant farmers permanent rights on the land they tilled.
arable	耕作に適している	If there had been some kind of UBI to provide this income, the resistance might have been much less and it might have been easier to move arable land into industrial use.
collude	結託する、共謀する、談合する	By colluding to pay too little, employers were actually reducing the number of jobs, perhaps because some people were unable or unwilling to work for very little money.
deputy	副官、代理人、議員	She is the deputy chief minister in the Delhi government.
opium	アヘン	He discovered this was the remnant of a long-defunct program to kelp opium-addicted refugees from Afghanistan who had settled in Delhi.
defunct	現存しない	He discovered this was the remnant of a long-defunct program to kelp opium-addicted refugees from Afghanistan who had settled in Delhi.
remnant	残滓	He discovered this was the remnant of a long-defunct program to kelp opium-addicted refugees from Afghanistan who had settled in Delhi.
petroleum	石油	India’s major fertilizer, petroleum, and food subsidies cost 2.07% of GDP.
modicum	少量の	It provides a modicum of meaning.
reflex	反射作用	This is consistent with the economist’s basic reflex.
concert	強調	There is a concerted effort by the government to get the worker back into employment.
yank	ぐいと引っ張る	It is too often about being yanked from a settled life plan and a particular vision of the good life.
verdant	新緑の	They forget that by preventing many of the farms from shutting down, it has kept the countryside in many European countries more verdant and vibrant.
vibrant	活気に満ちた	They forget that by preventing many of the farms from shutting down, it has kept the countryside in many European countries more verdant and vibrant.
ditch	溝、排水溝	Very few people want to dig ditches.
be a far cry from	〜から程遠い	It was a far cry from the conditions in her lab at Harvard.
with gusto	楽しそうに、活気良く	Those teachers were able to sustain the slum children’s attention, who played math games for several weeks, progressing through the games fast and with gusto, learning a good deal of math in the process.
wage	戦争や闘争を遂行する	We might alter the sense many blue-collar workers have that they are victims of a war waged by the rest of us against them.
callously	無情に	Coal workers perhaps not unreasonably felt that this was callously undercutting their way of life without ever feeling the need to apologize or compensate them for the loss.
scruffy	みすぼらしい	He wears a scruffy winter jackets.
cherry-picked	いいところをつまみ食いする	A competing program we also evaluated that simply cherry-picked the most promising candidates for a self-employment program and then focused on bringing their initial project idea to fruition had no effect whatsoever, mostly because it selected the type of people likely to succeed regardless of the help they got.
fruition	実を結ぶ、達成する	A competing program we also evaluated that simply cherry-picked the most promising candidates for a self-employment program and then focused on bringing their initial project idea to fruition had no effect whatsoever, mostly because it selected the type of people likely to succeed regardless of the help they got.
besiege	包囲する、悩ます	They are entitled to be seen for who they are and to not be defined by the difficulties besieging them.
treacherous	危険な、不実な	A natural response is then to wrap oneself into this identity, with treacherous consequences for society at large.
nimbly	素早く	The rich and the talented step nimbly into the glittering pockets of economic success, but all too many of the rest have to hang back.
vigilant	警戒	The only recourse we have against bad ideas is to be vigilant, resist the seduction of the obvious, be skeptical of promised miracles, question the evidence, be patient with complexity and honest about what we know and what we can know.